Connecticut and New York residents who dont live along the coast are likely feeling the heat more than usual this summer, as one town after another has closed off its beaches to everyone except locals.

Citing the need to prevent the spread of Covid-19, officials have instituted varying degrees of residents only policies on beaches in every coastal Fairfield County town except Greenwich, with Darien and Stamford the latest to shut off access. Some towns farther up the shoreline, including Milford, Madison and Groton, have enacted similar measures.

Many Long Island municipalities are also restricting access to town beaches, including Long Beach, Hempstead, Huntington and Southampton.

By shunning outsiders, towns appear to be butting up against legal mandates that require them to maintain public access. But officials argue that with state beaches operating at reduced capacity, town beaches are getting much more traffic than usual, creating a hazard for residents.

Jennings Beach in Fairfield, Conn., is open only to residents on weekends, a policy adopted in mid-July after the first selectwoman, Brenda Kupchick, received a rash of complaints that there were too many people trying to stake out a spot on the sand.

We had people parking all over the beach area, parking a mile or two away, or taking an Uber and walking on, she said. We have multiple ways to get onto our beaches, right in the middle of residential areas. People were emailing me like crazy saying it was unsafe.

Fairfield has since fenced off various entry points to Jennings and other beaches, posted police officers, and raised parking fines from $80 to $200. Up to 150 nonresident vehicles are allowed to park in the Jennings lot on weekdays for a $50 fee.

On the first Saturday the policy took effect, many residents were caught off guard when a parks and recreation worker stood on the main pathway to the beach asked them to show I.D. Most, though, expressed relief at the new requirement. Our virus numbers in Fairfield are low right now wed all like it to stay that way, said Sara Tieke, who was biking past the beach with her husband, Brad. You have to draw the line somewhere.

But civil-liberties advocates say such restrictions conflict with a 2001 state Supreme Court decision that found that the town of Greenwichs residents-only policy, which had been in place for decades, was unconstitutional. Since then, towns have opened their beaches to nonresidents, though many still effectively restrict access by limiting the number of available passes or charging hefty daily parking fees.

David McGuire, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Connecticut, which filed a friend-of-the-court brief in the 2001 case, said the ACLU is concerned that the virus is being used as a justification for exclusionary beach policies that in decades past were used as a tool for racial injustice.

Im not saying thats happening now, but we cant allow the pandemic to be an excuse for unfair treatment of people, Mr. McGuire said. Capacity limits are important, but a resident-only scheme doesnt address the issue of social distancing. What they really ought to do is put a cap on how many people can be on the beach, and allow people in on a first-come-first-serve basis. That is a policy grounded in science.

Further, he said, policies that reserve the beach for residents on weekends while opening it up to nonresidents on weekdays are clearly designed to give preferential or exclusive access to residents during certain periods, which is unfair and unconstitutional.

But municipal officials do not want to have to turn away their own residents on busy weekends.

Our taxpayers pay for lifeguards, Department of Public Works employees for maintenance of the beaches, law enforcement its a lot of money, Ms. Kupchick said. To say to your residents who pay that, you cant go it doesnt seem right.

Mr. McGuire said his office will scrutinize all residents-only ordinances and their enforcement to determine if they comply with the 2001 Supreme Court decision.

In Nassau County, on Long Island, the city of Long Beach stopped selling nonresident daily beach passes on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays as of July 23. The beach was getting too crowded, due in large part to overflow from Jones Beach and Robert Moses, which were reaching capacity early in the day on weekends, said Joe Brand, the citys interim parks and recreation commissioner.

We were overrun with nonresident sales on the weekends in addition to our resident clientele, Mr. Brand said.

Gate attendants and security are now posted at each beach entrance. If the beach is too crowded at any one entrance, attendants will close it and urge residents to enter at a different location.

Thats easier than telling people they cant access at all, Mr. Brand said.

At the county-run Nickerson Beach, county officials closed parking to nonresidents back in May in response to Mayor Bill de Blasios decision to keep New York City beaches closed. That policy ended once New York City opened its beaches in July.

Because city beaches hadnt been opened, we wanted to avoid people coming from the city and overcrowding, said Jordan Carmon, a spokesman for the county executive, Laura Curran. The entire point was the health and safety of residents and ensuring that county residents had access to the single county beach that they pay to maintain and operate.

Restricting public access along that shoreline could potentially violate federal policies that require communities that accept federal funds for beach restoration to maintain public access. Last year, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completed a $130 million storm risk reduction project in Long Beach, Lido Beach and Point Lookout.

Stuart Malec, a spokesman for Representative Kathleen M. Rice, said the congresswomans district office on Long Island had inquired with the Army Corps about the restrictions. He said they received this response from the Army Corps public affairs office: Any decisions made by local health official and authorities to temporarily close or limit access to beaches due to the Covid pandemic is not expected to affect any funding decisions regarding future long-term repair assistance or renourishment actions for those projects.

Back in Connecticut, Brenden Leydon, the Stamford lawyer who brought the lawsuit challenging Greenwichs exclusionary policy 19 years ago, said the pandemic makes the issue of access more murky, but that town officials should try to approach it with flexibility.

They should perhaps take it on a day-by-day basis, lets see how its going, rather than just say the beach is closed to nonresidents until October, Mr. Leydon said. Such blanket declarations, he noted, are hard to justify when the towns are, at the same time, welcoming nonresidents to come to their restaurants for indoor dining.

Greenwich, for its part, is trying to strike a balance, making available up to 350 nonresident beach passes a day, said Fred Camillo, the first selectman. The passes are $8, and there is a $40 parking fee at Greenwich Point and Byram Park beaches.

You want to be as welcoming as you can, while being fair to the residents who are footing the bill too, Mr. Camillo said.

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Restricting Beach Access to Residents Only - The New York Times