February 16, 2017 An underwater scene at National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa. Credit: Image courtesy of Greg McFall/NOAA.

There is a species of coralcalled bubblegum coral for its pinkish appearancethat has provided a peak into ancient migration paths for marine species as far back as 10 million years.

That discoveryand others like itcould only have happened through exploration of what is known as the deep seathe ocean's lowest layers, 200 meters (600 feet) or more below the surface. For reference, the average depth of the ocean is 3,800 meters. According to the Professional Association of Diving Instructors, most recreational scuba divers only dive as deep as 40 meters (130 feet).

Despite the importance of ocean health to humankind's well-being, more than 95 percent of the world's ocean remains unexplored using advanced technologies.

"By far, the largest habitable space on our planet is the deep ocean, yet we know very little about it," says Santiago Herrera , visiting assistant professor of biological sciences at Lehigh University. "We have observed far less than 1% of all the seafloor. Scientists have a better knowledge of the surface of Mars or the Moon than we do the surface of the earth."

Herrera is part of a team working to change that by expanding knowledge of the unknown through underwater exploration at the deepest layers of the ocean.

Adds Herrera: "Every time we dive we gain a better understanding of the ocean and its importance to ensure our own survival."

This month, Herrera joins a team aboard the Okeanos Explorerbuilt and operated by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)as the Biology Science Lead for the 2017 American Samoa Expedition. The Okeanos Explorer is the only federally funded U.S. ship assigned to systematically explore the unknown parts of the ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge. The goal of this expedition is to collect critical baseline information of unknown and poorly known deepwater areas in American Samoa, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. Two voyages are planned. The first begins on February 16th and ends on March 2nd. The second part is scheduled for April 4th through 21st. The missions are telepresence-enabled and the remotely operated vehicle dives will be streamed live at: http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/media/exstream/exstream.html.

During the cruises, the at-sea and shore-based science teams will work together to map the seafloor and make some of the first deepwater scientific observations in these areas. The dives will be conducted daily from approximately 3:00 pm to 11:00 pm Eastern Time.

During the February/March trip, the team will conduct 24-hour operations consisting of daytime remotely operated vehicle dives overnight mapping operations including during transit. Daytime remotely operated vehicle operations will focus on depths between 250 and 6,000 meters and will include high-resolution visual surveys and sample collections.

"By focusing our exploration on seamounts areas between 250-6000 meters deep we expect to find new biological communities, several new species and associations between species, as well as patterns that will help us test our biogeographic and geological hypotheses," says Herrera.

Exploring an uncommon, pristine Pacific reef

The expedition is part of the three-year Campaign to Address the Pacific monument Science, Technology, and Ocean Needs (CAPSTONE) , a NOAA initiative to collect deepwater baseline information to support science and management decisions in and around U.S. marine protected areas in the central and western Pacific.

The areas to be explored contain some of the last relatively pristine marine ecosystems on the planet and harbor numerous protected species, undiscovered shipwrecks, and cultural landscapes. Their designation is unprecedented in terms of geographic scope, ecological value, and national symbolism for ocean conservation.

Herrera, whose research focuses on the ecological and evolutionary processes that produce biodiversity patterns in the ocean, notes: "From the biological perspective, American Samoa is located at a biogeographical crossroads. It sits right at the boundary of four major deep-sea biogeographical provinces that have been hypothesized from observed differences in environmental parameters such as seawater temperature, food supply to depth and surface ocean productivity, a product of photosynthesis. The region is likely an important transition zone for the faunas from the south and North Pacific."

He adds: "Furthermore, the area north of the Samoan Islands, known as the Samoan Passage, is extremely important for the circulation of deep water in the pacific. It's been estimated than more than half of all the bottom water that moves from the south Pacific into the north Pacific has to funnel through this narrow gap. Thus, the deep currents that form in this area may constitute a significant barrier for many species and therefore could play a major role structuring the biodiversity that is found in the deep Pacific Ocean."

The two areas of focus will be the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa and the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument. Located in the cradle of Polynesia's oldest culture the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa covers 13,581 square miles of nearshore coral reef and offshore open ocean waters across the Samoan archipelago. Today, National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa protects extensive coral reefs, deepwater reefs, hydrothermal vent communities, and rare marine archaeological resources.

The Rose Atoll Marine National Monument remains one of the most pristine atolls (a ring-shaped coral reef) in the world. The marine environment around the atoll supports a dynamic reef ecosystem that is home to a diverse assemblage of marine species, several of which are threatened or endangered. One of the atoll's most striking features is the pink hue of its fringing reef, which is caused by the dominance of coralline algae, the primary reef-building species in the area. The dominance of this species makes Rose Atoll's reef quite distinctive from the reefs found at other Samoan Islands. This reef supports the highest densities of giant clam in the Samoan archipelago and and an estimated 272 species of fish. The atoll also contains nesting grounds for the endangered green sea turtle.

Telepresence extends deep-sea expedition's reach

Expanding the reach of these expeditions is the fact that the ship is telepresence-enabled. This means that NOAA's Okeanos Explorer will use telepresence technology to transmit data in real-time to a shore-based hub where the video is then transmitted to a number of Exploration Command Centers located around the country as well as to any internet-enabled device. Access to the video combined with a suite of Internet-based collaboration tools allow scientists on shore to join the operation in real time and allows the general public to follow the expedition online.

Scientists access the live feed by standing watches in Exploration Command Centers tuning in to the high-definition video via Internet-2 or watching the live video on standard Internet from their home institutions. Shore-based scientists interact with the ship through a teleconference line and Internet collaboration tools. Using these communication tools, the scientists and students can contribute expertise and help guide the at-sea operations in real time, extending the reach of ocean exploration to more scientists and students than could possibly be accommodated on board.

"We will be making discoveries that will be shared in real-time with anyone with access to the internetincreasing appreciation of and connection to our planet," says Herrera. "In addition, this technology enables the participation of scientists from all over the world to contribute their knowledge and help our interpretation of observations. All the images and data collected are made publicly available as they are collected. It is a truly democratic way to do science."

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2017 American Samoa deep-sea expedition to reveal wonders of unexplored ecosystem - Phys.Org