GIF
Rich Lee wants to give you an orgasma cyborgasm.
For years, Lee has been beset by a dream of becoming a human vibrator, a bionic man endowed with an implant designed explicitly to bring pleasure to the opposite sex. By upgrading his parts down under to include a tiny vibrating device implanted just below the skin, he hopes to also upgrade his status from average Utah dad to that of a cyborg-era Cassanova. Turn it on, and the device will give his male appendage machine-powered capabilities that rival some of the worlds most popular sex toys, at least in theory. He calls itwait for itthe Lovetron 9000. And he doesnt just envision this cybersexual future for himself. He wants to sell it to you, too.
Lee is a grinder, a member of a niche community of biohackers pushing the limits of what it means to be human by augmenting their bodies with all sorts of synthetic parts. He has tiny magnets implanted into his ear that function as built-in earbuds and other magnets in his finger just for fun. He has an implant to sense his temperature and another outfitted with near-field communication technology that he uses in conjunction with a text-to-speech app to make his phone read aloud bits of text.
In his most recent experiment, Lee installed tubes of energy-absorbing non-Newtonian foam under the skin of his leg to act as a sort of built-in shin guard. It was a disaster. After flying to California to have two friends with day jobs in the ER install the long, thin tubes of armor on both shins, his legs swelled up so much that his stitches burst, exposing the implant. Every time he stood up, his body was hit with a rush of sharp, tingling pain. One night, in a feat of grisly bravery, he braced for the worst and just yanked the implants out himself.
Still, he was not deterred. Some might view Lees body modification avocation as self-mutilation, but he sees it as self-improvement.
Someday Id like to live in a world where everything youre dealt is changeable, fluid, Lee told me. My conception of an ideal self is something like a Mr. Potato Head, where I can just swap in and out different prosthetics for different senses and abilities.
The LoveTron 9000 is Lees riskiest and most ambitious project yet.
Documenting his modifications on YouTube has turned Lee into celebrity of sorts within the grinder community. Even among those that count having bits of electronics implanted in their body as fun, Lees excursions veer toward the extreme. But he is betting that wont be the case forever. He foresees a world not too far in the future where the average person has implants that do everything from unlock their front door to, yes, improve their sex life.
I met Lee last month at the second annual Body Hacking Con in Austin, where hundreds had gathered to see early visions of this future on display. On the runway, models showed off new fashions meant to bestow new senses, among them direction and echolocation. In the exhibition hall, multiple booths offered to implants magnets and RFID chips on the spot. One booth offered high-tech manicures that embedded LED lights and NFC chips into sparkly acrylic nails. A fellow cyborg, the Canadian filmmaker Rob Spence, gave a presentation on his quest to transform himself into Eyeborg after losing an eye in a hunting accident and replacing it with an analog camera.
None of the wearables or implants on display, though, went quite as far as Lees vision for a cybernetic penis.
Next year, Lee hopes the Lovetron 9000 might have its own booth at the conference, too. He plans to market the implant to kink-friendly consumers in hopes that it might become the next it sex toy, selling it via the Lovetron website directly to consumers who can then have the device implanted by a piercer or body modification artist from off his companys pre-approved list. The procedure is relatively non-invasive, as far as implants go, and will likely skirt regulatory approval thanks to a lack of laws that anticipated anyone might ever want to implant electronics below their skin for kicks.
As planned, the Lovetron 9000 will consist of a thumb-sized haptic device to be implanted just below the skin of the pubis, in the fatty skin just above the penis. After shaving, disinfecting and numbing the area with local anesthetic, a piercer would make an inch-and-a-half-long incision, creating a tiny pocket to slide the device into before stitching it all up. The Lovetron will consist of a motor, battery and a switch that allows the wearer to turn it off and on with magnetic force. Switch it on, and it will send a wave of vibration down the shaft of the penis. Lee doesnt have any formal medical training, but a biotech company is assisting him in the design of the device. After two weeks of healing, Lee said, the device will be ready for recreation. A partner, he shyly pointed out, might also enjoy grinding directly atop it.
To Lee, the vibrating penis implant is an obvious and necessary expression of the blurring lines between man and machine.
It was just low-hanging fruit, he said.
If theres anyone in the world who might seem like an obvious booster for a kinky cyborg sex revolution, it isnt Rich Lee. With a bushy beard, nerd glasses and a penchant for plaid, his look is more Seattle coffee snob than extreme body modification enthusiast. Lee is a divorced dad of two young kids, and lives in southwestern Utah where he manages a warehouse for a packaging sales firm. When I asked him to draw me a sketch of his implant, afterward he was so embarrassed by the appearance of a penis on my notebook pages that he quickly disguised his handiwork as a goofy looking face with a long skinny nose.
Lee got into the grinder scene back in 2008, long before there was a conference devoted to it. He grew up religious, feeling like there was little sense in considering the future since the Rapture was imminent.
While I was interested in space travel and extreme technological advancement, it seemed frivolous in light of the approaching apocalypse, he said. So later in life I masturbated my way out of church and eventually found atheism. I replaced God and heaven with science and transhumanism.
Years later, he was leafing through a stack of old magazines recently left behind by his grandmother. He was struck by the headlinesdecades old news stories proclaiming that a world free of death and disease was just around the corner. Obviously, neither of those promises had ever been fulfilled.
I started to panic, he said. Once again I had taken a passive role in a future which someone else promised me and that I had zero guarantees of realizing.
He decided to take matters into his own hands.
I started plotting ways to become the immortal mutant cyborg I always wished I was, he said.
On the internet, he found the blog of a well-known early biohacker, Lepht Anonym. Anonym presented an approachable vision for transhumanism, achievable with little more than some homemade cybernetics and a basic understanding of human biology. One of Anonyms hacks was a finger magnet, an implant first pioneered by Steve Haworth, the Godfather of body hacking. As soon as he read about the implant, Lee made an appointment and drove 400 miles to Arizona get his first implant from the Godfather himself.
From there, his experiments grew bolder, with varying degrees of success.
In 2013, his earbud implants became his first undertaking to go viral. The idea was to create implants that would give him the ability to listen to music in a room full of people, on the sly. Haworth implanted two small magnets under the skin of Lees tragus, the small inner flap of his ear. Lee could wear a loose magnetic coil around his neck, hidden under his collar, and it would create a magnetic field that caused the implants to vibrate and produce sound. His plans for the device were ambitious. I can see myself using it with the GPS on my smartphone to navigate city streets on foot, he wrote at the time.
In practice, though, its capabilities have been underwhelming. The audio quality is not quite good enough to be audible in a room full of people. But Lee says he does still use the implants regularly, to listen to music and the news to unwind at the end of the day, headphone free.
His modifications often come with a sense of humor. His NFC chip was once programmed to make his phone say self destruct sequence initiated. Detonation in 10...9...8... any time he waved the finger with the implant under his phone. (It was a neat party trick, he recalled.)
Two years ago, Lee nearly electrocuted himself in the bath while trying to come up with a mechanism to defeat hypothermia. He filled a bathtub with ice, then strapped an electric heating pad around his arm and got in. His question was whether a heating device implanted in one part of the body, like the arm, might be able to heat the bodys blood up sufficiently enough to stave off hypothermia as it circulated through the body. As he sat shivering and taking notes in the ice-filled tub, he noticed that the heating pad had sunk below the water, plug and all. He has yet to repeat that experiment, though fellow grinders revere it as the ultimate tale of grinder grit.
For the LoveTron 9000,Lee is working with a vaguely transhumanist company named Ascendance Biomedical to develop a prototype. Lee expects it to be ready for implant in three to four months. Hes even received a small investment from the company to help develop the custom micro electronics necessary to get a strong enough motor to sufficiently power the device while also keeping it small enough to implant without being too cumbersome or noticeable. He is currently seeking beta testers, though his first test subject, of course, will be himself.
Lee insists all this is safethe device will come hermetically sealed and he is relying on medical consultation to work out the details of the procedure. But medical professionals are wary of this growing set of DIY surgeons.
Without even getting into the ethics of whether or not this type of body modification should even be attempted, I think any licensed surgeon would recommend against these kinds of do-it-yourself surgeries, said Michael Terry, a professor in the plastic surgery department at University of California, San Francisco. Without a trained surgeon or sterile operating room, Terry said there is a much higher risk of infection, uncontrolled bleeding or nerve damage. In addition, he said, its hard to tell how the body might react to the implants themselves.
These are just a few of the many reasons why there is such a complicated credentialing procedure for surgery centers, and why it takes years of research and clinical studies to obtain approval for any implanted medical device, Terry said.
Lee, though, is not the only one banking on the economic potential of implantables. For years, startups like Grindhouse Wetware and Dangerous Things have sold implantables and the kits to implant them with to a growing community of grinders across the U.S. and Europe. The demographics of that community may not surprise you: its largely young, white nerds, the same groups of people who populated early hacker collectives and internet message boards.
But some see that starting to change.
In the beginning all the questions I got were technical, said Amal Graafstra, the founder of the Seattle-based Dangerous Things, as horde of conference goers swarmed him to watch a demonstration of him unlocking a door lock with his hand. Now its like, what can I do with this? The general public is interested.
Moon Ribas, a performance artist and cyborg activist who has a chip implant that allows her to feel seismic activity, recently co-founded Cyborg Nest, a company designed to bring whimsical implants to the masses. Their first product is an implant that allows the wearer to sense north by vibrating every time their body faces magnetic north. Rather than being embedded below the skin, it sits just on top, held in place with four piercings. Since launching in December, the North Sense has sold about 250 units. Ribas said that she was surprised to discover that the buyers were not all grinder types. One set of parents, she said, even bought the implants for them and their kids.
Lee is trying to curb his expectationshe doesnt exactly expect vibrating pelvis implants to go flying off the virtual shelves.
I think it will take a while to catch on, he admitted.
Still, he anticipates enough people will be interested to make for a viable business.
I plan on selling 100,000 in the next five years, he said.
At a hotel room meeting of some of the communitys most prominent grinders, they discussed how to deal with the eventual regulatory scrutiny that growing public interestand concernmight invite. Regulations for implants typically only apply when the implant is considered a medical device, but the magnets and RFID chips body hackers gravitate toward for now dont fall into that category. But the community is quickly moving beyond those boundariesone company said it was planning to have an implant that interfaces directly with the bodys nervous system ready within a year.
Lee and his fellow grinders are ready to move forward whether the world is ready for them or not.
Genetic modification is the moral and ethical thing to do, Graafstra argued during a talk on the ethics of biohacking. The ethical thing is to advance human society.
Its clear, though, that the rest of the world is not quite there yet.
Lee has experienced this firsthand. This fall, Lees ex-wife petitioned for custody of their two children, arguing that his hobby is a disturbing and dangerous one that makes him a worse parent. I stopped sharing joint physical custody, the motion read, because Rich has chosen to expose our children to his disturbing behavior of do-it-yourself surgeries and bio-hacking. Until a court date later this year, Lee has been stripped of shared custody.
The custody battle, though, has so far not impeded his plans for the Lovetron. For Lee, implanting vibrating cybernetics in his nether regions isnt just about being the guy at the party with the most interesting hobby. Its destiny, the obvious path of human evolution, low-hanging fruit.
On the last morning of the conference, I sat in a hotel room where five or six grinders were crashing, as a revered (and anonymous) DIY surgeon worked to extract a poorly implanted magnet out of a mans finger. The man sat stoically, looking in the opposite direction as his surgeon anesthetized him, then pulled back a flap of skin and began digging around in his finger for the magnet. Thirty minutes of digging elapsed, and still the rogue magnet had not been found. The room sat in near silence, following an earlier scolding.
Fuck man, the DIY surgeon said, pacing back and forth, then taking a hit from a vape.
The magnet, it turned out, had slid into a pocket of skin near that mans tendon, deep in his finger. A stronger magnet had been necessary to pull the magnet out. The culprit of this conundrum was only slightly larger than a broken tip of pencil lead. After a bad implant at a piercing salon in Portland, the magnet had been causing him discomfort for over a year. Undaunted, he got two more chips implanted while at the conference.
Anything you implant will eventually have to come out, Lee told me. We implant them with that in mind.
Maybe, in that case, we are not quite ready to embrace our inevitable cyborg future after all.
Original post:
Meet the Body Hacker Trying to Become a Human Vibrator - Gizmodo - Gizmodo
- Human Genetic Enhancements - A Transhumanist Perspective [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA: Would You Live For 10,000 Years? - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- What If You Could Live for 10,000 years? Q&A with Transhumanist Zoltan Istvan - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- We Are Change Luke ~ Links to Transhumanist Positivity & NWO? Feb 4 2015 - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA: The End of Religion and Review of Lab Rats - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- 10 Insights from The Transhumanist Wager, with Zoltan Istvan - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- DAVE HODGES: THE MASS POISONING OF THE PLANET IS TO FULFILL A TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA: Eliminate Suffering? - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- Transhumanist Propaganda as Entertainment - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA: Lab Rats - Rise of the Secret Soldiers - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- Vote Zoltan Istvan - Transhumanist U.S. Presidential Candidate For 2016 - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- Transhumanist - Video [Last Updated On: February 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 12th, 2015]
- Transhumanist Values - Nick Bostrom's Home Page [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2015]
- Transhumanist Declaration - Humanity+ | Elevating the ... [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2015]
- Creative AI: The robots that would be painters [Last Updated On: February 16th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 16th, 2015]
- Scientists propose 'cortical modem' implant to give you Terminator vision [Last Updated On: February 17th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 17th, 2015]
- DARPA's 'Cortical Modem' will plug straight into your BRAIN [Last Updated On: February 17th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 17th, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA: Androgyny and the Antichrist - Video [Last Updated On: February 18th, 2015] [Originally Added On: February 18th, 2015]
- Alfred Webre:Draco, CIA drive child sacrifice in Religions, Gov, Schools, Wars-Transhumanist Agenda - Video [Last Updated On: March 5th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 5th, 2015]
- Transhumanist Propaganda - Video [Last Updated On: March 5th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 5th, 2015]
- Transhumanist Extermination Plan, Machine Merge - SteveQuayle - AJShow QC - Video [Last Updated On: March 5th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 5th, 2015]
- Africa, Shamanism and The Transhumanist Future with Kilindi Iyi - Video [Last Updated On: March 5th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 5th, 2015]
- Theorist to Theorist - Godrules Pt 1 - Transhumanist Confusion - Video [Last Updated On: March 5th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 5th, 2015]
- Transhumanist Agenda Revealed - Video [Last Updated On: March 5th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 5th, 2015]
- Ask Warren Ellis Your Craziest Questions About The Future [Last Updated On: March 10th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 10th, 2015]
- Chappie Satanic Illuminati Transhumanist Agenda EXPOSED - Video [Last Updated On: March 12th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 12th, 2015]
- Reply To Face Like The Sun Transhumanist video - Video [Last Updated On: March 14th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 14th, 2015]
- Apple Watch Exposed! NWO Conspiracy to Popularize Useless Product for Promoting Transhumanist Agenda - Video [Last Updated On: March 14th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 14th, 2015]
- Trending at SXSW: Mind cloning, off-the-grid messaging - Quincy Herald-Whig | Illinois & Missouri News, Sports [Last Updated On: March 16th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 16th, 2015]
- Mind cloning, off-the-grid chats & ambient mobile alerts lead chatter at South by Southwest [Last Updated On: March 16th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 16th, 2015]
- Tranhumanist CEO Wants to Help You Live Forever [Last Updated On: March 16th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 16th, 2015]
- Hottest tech at South by Southwest: FireChat, 'mind cloning' [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2015]
- Humans: The Next Platform [Last Updated On: March 18th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 18th, 2015]
- Satanic Illuminati Super Soldier Captain America & MK Ultra Transhumanist Winter Soldier EXPOSED 108 - Video [Last Updated On: March 20th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 20th, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA Androgyny and the Antichrist 720p - Video [Last Updated On: March 20th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 20th, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA Eliminate Suffering 720p - Video [Last Updated On: March 20th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 20th, 2015]
- The Everyday Transhumanist | Solve all the Problems! [Last Updated On: March 22nd, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 22nd, 2015]
- Chappie Satanic Illuminati Transhumanist Agenda EXPOSED 1080p - Video [Last Updated On: March 22nd, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 22nd, 2015]
- Transhumanist Advert ~ Usain Bolt March 19 2015 - Video [Last Updated On: March 22nd, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 22nd, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA The End of Religion and Review of Lab Rats 720p - Video [Last Updated On: March 22nd, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 22nd, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA Lab Rats Rise of the Secret Soldiers 720p - Video [Last Updated On: March 22nd, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 22nd, 2015]
- TRANSHUMANIST AGENDA Would You Live For 10,000 Years 720p - Video [Last Updated On: March 22nd, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 22nd, 2015]
- Anticipating tomorrows politics, and introducing the Transhumanist Party - Video [Last Updated On: March 25th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 25th, 2015]
- EUCACH: Melanie Vritschan homage to Dr Rauni Kilde, whistleblower against Transhumanist Agenda - Video [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2015]
- The Transhumanist Wager- TwinCities+ - Video [Last Updated On: March 27th, 2015] [Originally Added On: March 27th, 2015]
- Transhumanist politics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Last Updated On: April 8th, 2015] [Originally Added On: April 8th, 2015]
- What does transhumanist mean? - Video [Last Updated On: April 9th, 2015] [Originally Added On: April 9th, 2015]
- Normal day in transhumanist life - Video [Last Updated On: April 9th, 2015] [Originally Added On: April 9th, 2015]
- The Transhumanist (Original Mix) - Video [Last Updated On: April 9th, 2015] [Originally Added On: April 9th, 2015]
- Transhumanist Party - Transcending human limitations - Video [Last Updated On: April 11th, 2015] [Originally Added On: April 11th, 2015]
- The Age of Transhumanist Politics Has Begun [Last Updated On: April 13th, 2015] [Originally Added On: April 13th, 2015]
- Why Im Running for President As the Transhumanist Candidate [Last Updated On: May 8th, 2015] [Originally Added On: May 8th, 2015]
- The Transhumanist Party Supports Bitcoin: Zoltan Istvan ... [Last Updated On: May 10th, 2015] [Originally Added On: May 10th, 2015]
- Transhumanism and the Technological Singularity [Last Updated On: December 8th, 2016] [Originally Added On: December 8th, 2016]
- U.S. Transhumanist Party PUTTING SCIENCE, HEALTH ... [Last Updated On: December 21st, 2016] [Originally Added On: December 21st, 2016]
- Nick Bostrom's Home Page [Last Updated On: December 21st, 2016] [Originally Added On: December 21st, 2016]
- U.S. Navy Held Meetings With Transhumanist to Discuss ... [Last Updated On: December 22nd, 2016] [Originally Added On: December 22nd, 2016]
- H+: True Transhumanism - Essentials | Metanexus [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2017] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2017]
- About | Mormon Transhumanist Association [Last Updated On: January 12th, 2017] [Originally Added On: January 12th, 2017]
- The Transhumanist Wager - amazon.com [Last Updated On: January 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: January 15th, 2017]
- An interview with Zoltan Istvan, leader of the Transhumanist ... [Last Updated On: January 24th, 2017] [Originally Added On: January 24th, 2017]
- Filthy Assistance: Revisiting 'Transmetropolitan: Lust for Life' - ComicsAlliance [Last Updated On: February 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 7th, 2017]
- Editor's Picks #463 - Archinect [Last Updated On: February 10th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 10th, 2017]
- Stunning Transhumanism Dominates New 'Ghost in the Shell' Trailer - Inverse [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Transhumanist politician wants to run for governor of California - Engadget [Last Updated On: February 13th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 13th, 2017]
- Why Elon Musk's transhumanism claims may not be that far-fetched - Wired.co.uk [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Mark O'Connell's Journey Among the Immortalists - The Ringer (blog) [Last Updated On: February 15th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 15th, 2017]
- Zoltan Istvan, Nick Bostrom, and the Anti-Aging Quest - The Atlantic - The Atlantic [Last Updated On: February 18th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 18th, 2017]
- Are We Mature Enough to Deal with Climate Change? - Yahoo News [Last Updated On: February 22nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 22nd, 2017]
- Wow! Really? The Hungarian-American Transhumanist Who Wants to Become a CyborgAnd Live Forever - Hungary Today [Last Updated On: February 23rd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 23rd, 2017]
- Transhumanists, biohackers, grinders: Who are they and can they really live forever? - ABC Online [Last Updated On: February 23rd, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 23rd, 2017]
- 'They want to be literally machines' : Writer Mark O'Connell on the rise of transhumanists - The Verge [Last Updated On: February 25th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 25th, 2017]
- 'To Be A Machine' Digs Into The Meaning Of Humanity - NPR [Last Updated On: February 28th, 2017] [Originally Added On: February 28th, 2017]
- The Transhumanist's Quest for Godhood: 'Remember, Thou Art Mortal' - CNSNews.com [Last Updated On: March 1st, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 1st, 2017]
- Top 5 Transhumanist Technologies With Major Implications ... [Last Updated On: March 1st, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 1st, 2017]
- Michael O'Connor : Does He See Himself being a Transhumanist? - Mobile Magazine [Last Updated On: March 2nd, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 2nd, 2017]
- Transhumanist Wants to Run for California Governor Under Libertarian Banner - The Libertarian Republic [Last Updated On: March 7th, 2017] [Originally Added On: March 7th, 2017]
- Is Zoltan Istvan a Libertarian? - Being Libertarian [Last Updated On: April 8th, 2017] [Originally Added On: April 8th, 2017]
- Secret to a better life? - Piqua Daily Call [Last Updated On: April 8th, 2017] [Originally Added On: April 8th, 2017]
- U.S. Transhumanist Party Discussed - Lifeboat Foundation (blog) [Last Updated On: April 8th, 2017] [Originally Added On: April 8th, 2017]