Futurismen var en kulturell riktning inom konst, litteratur, musik och arkitektur. Den efterstrvade ett radikalt uppbrott frn tidigare traditioner. Futurismen grundades 1909 av Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.
Marinetti publicerade det frsta futuristiska manifestet i Le Figaro i februari 1909, i vilket han proklamerade krig mot traditionalismen. ret drp utgavs tre manifest, dribland mlarnas "Tekniska manifest". Futurismen hyllade maskinen, frkastade ldre tiders konst och fresprkade nedrivning av museerna. Futuristiska mlningar framstllde gestalter och freml i rrelse; poesin begagnade sig av ett "industriellt" bildsprk, en grammatik och ett ordfrrd som medvetet frstrts i onomatopoesins tjnst. Den politiska fascismens ideologi sgs ha tagit starka intryck av futurismen och uppmuntrade till flera av punkterna i det futuristiska manifestet.
Futuristerna publicerade ett antal manifest angende musik dr de bland annat fresprkade oljud, atonalitet, polyfoni, mikroljud och den moderna stadens ljud som bilar och flygplan framfr traditionalismens musik. Kompositrerna skulle verge imitationen och influenserna frn frr och istllet komponera fr framtiden.
Luigi Russolo konstruerade s kallade oljudsmaskiner (intonarumori) som de framfrde konserter med. Senare band s som brittiska Whitehouse, japanska Merzbow och svenska Brighter Death Now kan hrledas till futurismens ider om musik.
Kring 1910 vxte en futuristisk gren fram i Ryssland. Man kan datera dess fdelse till 1912 d poeterna Majakovskij och Chlebnikov publicerade manifestet En rfil t den offentliga smaken.[1]Vladimir Majakovskij var en rysk poet som med dikten Ett moln i byxor frn 1915 demonstrerade den nya futuristiska stilen, fartfylld och telegramartad, fr det ryska avantgardet. Hans mest knda dikt r dock 150 000 000 (titeln syftar p Sovjets dvarande folkmngd) vari han hyllar den nya staten. Den ryska futurismen delade sig sedan i tv grenar: ego-futurismen i Petersburg och kubo-futurismen i Moskva.[1] Ego-futurismens namn kommer frn det fokus p jaget som riktningens fretrdare hade. Den ledande ego-futuristen var Igor Severjanin som debuterade 1913 med diktsamlingen Den skskjudande bgaren.Han blev enormt populr och valdes 1918 till poesins kung i Moskva.[1] Kubo-futurismen hnger samman med kubismen och syftade till att framstlla ting s som de framstod i det inre medvetandet och inte som de tedde sig fr de yttre sinnena.[1] Gemensamt fr de ryska futuristerna var radikalismen och viljan att provocera. Man gnade sig bland annat t galna, fantasifulla, anarkistiska phitt - det vi idag kallar happenings.[1]
Litterarrt gnade sig futuristerna t sprkliga normbrott. De ville befria sprket frn den litterra traditionen och vardagssprkets konventioner och p s stt gra det autonomt.[2] Futuristerna frskte inom poesin bearbeta sprket p stavelseniv - en poet sgs ha framfrt en dikt bestende enbart av stavelsen "ju".[2] Inriktningen p textens autonomi gav impulser till den gren inom litteraturforskning som kallas rysk formalism. Denna gren satte texten i fokus och underskte dess ljud och form och vad det var som egentligen gjorde den till en text.[2]
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