Testosterone is the male sex hormone. It is responsible for male sexual characteristics such as;

Having a unilateral orchidectomy (one testicle removed) should not affect the overall circulating testosterone level in the body, providing the remaining testicle is healthy and can produce enough testosterone to make up for any deficit. However in some men such as those who have had, or are having chemotherapy, testosterone production in the remaining testicle may be affected. This is usually not permanent but it may take quite a while after treatment for testosterone levels to recover.Alternatively, in men who have had a bilateral orchidectomy, the testosterone level will fall to a minimal level and in this situation men will need to start testosterone replacement therapy. After bilateral orchidectomy, the body will not be able to produce sperm and only very low levels of testosterone will be made from the adrenal glands.

If testosterone levels fall men may feel tired, low in mood and can develop hot flushes. Weight gain and a loss of muscle strength can also occur. These symptoms can often be quite vague and difficult to recognise.

Much more specifically, if the testosterone levels are much lower than normal, men usually notice a loss of or difficulty in achieving normal erections on waking up in the morning, a fall in sex drive (loss of libido)and difficulty in maintaining erections strong enough for masturbation or sexual intercourse.If testosterone levels are low for a prolonged time, breast swelling (gynaecomastia), thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Because treatment for testicular cancer is intense and occurs in a fairly short space of time, men not only have to recover from the physical and mental strain of their illness but may find themselves struggling with the symptoms of low testosterone as well. Although low mood and sometimes depression can occur after testicular cancer treatment, men should consider asking their specialist team or GP to check them for possible testosterone deficiency.A simple way of identifying potentially low testosterone levels is to have a blood test performed which can measure the level of testosterone that the body is producing.

It is important that this particular blood test is performed in the morning. Testosterone levels are at their highest early in the morning, and this is when the blood test can be performed accurately. The results should only take a few days to be fully processed in most areas.

A normal level of testosterone is usually considered to be between approximately 9 30 nmol/L (nanomoles per litre). A level below 8 nmol/L is considered to be low and the blood test should be repeated. If it is low on 2 occasions taken at the right time of the day, then men will usually benefit from starting testosterone replacement therapy.Borderline levels are between 9 12 nmol/L and will often be monitored however treatment is not usually started in this range as it does not make a difference to how most people feel. However if men are displaying symptoms of low testosterone with a borderline level a trial for 6- months can be commenced to see if it helps resolve the symptoms.

If a man is worried that they may have a low testosterone level, they should speak to their consultant and specialist team who can arrange for men to be assessed for this problem and see a hormone specialist (endocrinologist).

If men start any of these treatments their testosterone levels will have to be checked on a regular basis to ensure a normal level is achieved. Most people start to feel better within a few weeks of treatment, but it may take at least 3 months to obtain a steady level in the blood stream and to feel the full effects of treatment.If testosterone replacement therapy does improve a mans symptoms following treatment for testicular cancer then it can be continued indefinitely. In some men who have had a unilateral orchidectomy, testosterone levels may eventually return to normal and testosterone replacement therapy can be discontinued.

Some men may also find that it will take a little while to find the best treatment for them and may need to try different types of replacement therapy.

Although testosterone is commonly thought to cause aggression and hostility, it is more responsible for helping the body adapt to challenging and stressful events or situations.However like all medications testosterone replacement therapy may cause some side effects and it is important to read the information supplied with any medication.Common side effects are oily skin and spots. Less often, people complain of headaches, nausea, excess sweating, tiredness and mood changes.

Long term, doctors will need to perform safety monitoring to make sure that levels are within the normal range, and check that the testosterone has not affected the liver, blood count (circulating blood volume) or prostate gland.Testosterone does not cause prostate cancer but causes the prostate gland to enlarge. This means that testosterone treatment can increase the size of the prostate. However testosterone actively feeds prostate cancer and so treatment is not started in people who have active prostate cancer.

People at high risk of prostate cancer, or with a high prostate blood test (prostate specific antigen or PSA) may need to see a urologist to decide whether testosterone will be safe for them.Safety monitoring with blood tests and an examination of the prostate is also necessary for everyone over 40.It is extremely important that men do not take supplements of testosterone (such as those used in weight training, body building or available online) other than what has been medically prescribed. Too much testosterone can cause other medical problems.

Testosterone levels should be measured on a regular basis and the dose adjusted if needed to keep these normal.Men should not stop testosterone treatment without consulting their GP or specialist team.

To watch a video clip discussing Testosterone Replacement Therapy please click below.

Last reviewed 25/7/16 Next review January 2017

References available on request.

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Orchid | Testosterone Replacement