Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials

GDA 2014 Honoree: Dr. Omid Farokhzad Wall Street Journal Interview Cellular Surgeons: New Era of Nanomedicine New York Academy of Sciences Event ecancertv: Polymeric Nanoparticles for Medical Applications Our Research

Nanotechnology has generated a significant impact in nearly every aspect of science. Our research seeks novel nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in order to develop advanced drug delivery systems with the promise to improve health care. Highly interdisciplinary and translational, our research is focused on multifunctional, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. We seek to improve nanoparticle synthesis and formulation and its therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, we develop robust engineering processes to accelerate translation of nanoparticle-based drugs into the drug development pipeline. At the same time, we emphasize a fundamental understanding of the interface between nanomaterials and biological systems. Read our recent reviews below:

See below for some of our selected research articles. Click on images for more detail:

Transepithelial transport of fc-targeted nanoparticles by the neonatal fc receptor for oral delivery:

A study on the immunocompatibility properties of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles with heterogeneous surface functional groups:

Engineering of targeted nanoparticles for cancer therapy using internalizing aptamers isolated by cell-uptake selection:

Synthesis of Size-Tunable Polymeric Nanoparticles Enabled by 3D Hydrodynamic Flow Focusing in Single-Layer Microchannels:

Effects of ligands with different water solubilities on self-assembly and properties of targeted nanoparticles:

Development of poly(ethylene glycol) with observable shedding:

Congratulations to Nazila Kamaly for her appointment as an Associate Professor at Technical University of Denmark (01/01/16)

Congratulations to Jun Wu for his appointment as a Professor at Sun Yat-sen University, China (01/01/16)

Congratulations to Christian Vilos for securing the Chilean Grant (Fondecyt)! (01/30/16)

Congratulations to Naomi Morales-Medina for securing an undergraduate National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) Fellowship for minorities in STEM fields! (10/19/15)

Congratulations to Christian Vilos for his promotion to Associate Professor at Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS) in Faculty of Medicine in Andres Bello University! (09/10/15)

Congratulations to Won Il Choi for securing a Senior Researcher position at the Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology! (09/10/15)

Congratulations to Jining Huang for getting admission in the Bioengineering PhD Program at Caltech. (03/24/15)

Welcome Dr. Sejin Son to join our team! (10/31/14)

Welcome Dr. Dmitry Shvartsman to join our team! (09/19/14)

Welcome Dr. Harshal Zope to join our team! (06/15/14)

Welcome Dr Yanlan Liu, Dr. Xiaoding Xu and Dr. Arif Islam to join our team! (03/12/14)

Welcome Dr. Basit Yameen to join our team! (09/09/2013)

Congratulations to Dr. Archana Swami for her poster prize at the MIT Polymer Day Symposium! (05/02/2013)

Welcome Dr. Mikyung Yu, Dr. In-hyun Lee, Dr. Won IL Choi, Dr. Renata Leito and Dr. Cristian Vilos to join our team! (05/02/2013)

Congratulations to Dr. Archana Swami for receiving an 'Outstanding Paper' award from the ASME at NEMB2013! (31/01/2013)

Welcome Dr. Giuseppe Palmisano to join our team! (04/01/12)

Congratulations to Steffi Sunny for securing a PhD position on the Applied Science and Engineering PhD program at Harvard University! (04/01/12)

Congratulations to Shrey Sindhwani for securing a Physician Scientist Training Program (MD-PhD) position at the University of Toronto! (04/01/12)

Congratulations to Dr. Xiaoyang Xu on the award of his National Cancer Institute funded Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award Post-doctoral Fellowship! (01/03/2012)

Congratulations to Dr. Jinjun Shi on the award of his National Cancer Institute K99/R00 Career Award! (11/30/2011)

Congratulations to Dr. Jinjun Shi for his BWH Biomedical Research Institute award! (11/10/2011)

Welcome Dr. Nazila Kamaly to join our team! (01/25/2011)

Welcome Dr. Jun Wu, Dr. Xueqing Zhang and Changwei Ji to join our team! (11/15/2010)

Welcome Dr. Suresh Gadde to join our team! (12/15/2009)

Welcome Dr. Xiaoyang Xu to join our team! (10/19/09)

Welcome Dr. Archana Mukherjee to join our team! (08/19/09)

Immunocompatibility properties of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles with heterogeneous surface functional groups, Salvador-Morales C, Zhang L, Langer et al, Biomaterials, 30 (2009) 2231.

Engineering of targeted nanoparticles for cancer therapy using internalizing aptamers isolated by cell-uptake selection, Xiao Z, Levy-Nissenbaum E, Alexis F et al, ACS Nano, 6 (2012) 696.

Synthesis of size-tunable polymeric nanoparticles enabled by 3D hydrodynamic flow focusing in single-layer microchannels., Rhee M, Valencia M, Rodriguez MI et al, Advanced Materials, 23 (2011) H79.

Effects of ligands with different water solubilities on self-assembly and properties of targeted nanoparticles, Valencia PM, Hanewich-Hollatz MH, Gao W et al, Biomaterials, 23 (2011) 6226.

Poly (ethylene glycol) with Observabel Shedding, Valencia PM, Hanewich-Hollatz MH, Gao W et al, , 23 (2010) 6567.

Preclinical Development and Clinical Translation of a PSMA-Targeted Docetaxel Nanoparticle with a Differentiated Pharmacological Profile, Hrkach J, Von Hoff D, Ali MM et al, Science Translational Medicine, 4 (2012) 128ra39.

Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: design, development and clinical translation, N Kamaly, Z Xiao, P Valencia et alChem. Soc. Rev, 41 (2012) 2971.

Precise engineering of targeted nanoparticles by using self-assembled biointegrated block copolymers, F. Gu, L. Zhang, B. A. Teply et alPNAS, 105 (2008) 2586.

Quantum dot-aptamer conjugates for synchronous cancer imaging, therapy, and sensing of drug delivery based on bi-fluorescence resonance energy transfer, V Bagalkot, L Zhang, E Levy-Nissenbaum et alNano Lett., 7 (2007) 3065.

Targeted nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo, O. Farokhzad, J. Cheng, B. A. Teply, et al PNAS, 103 (2006) 6315.

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Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials

Liberty City neighborhood in Miami, Florida (FL), 33127 …

Data:

Business Search - 14 Million verified businesses

Population: 51,206

Population density:

Educational Attainment (%)

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Bedrooms in renter-occupied houses and condos in Liberty City:

Owners and renters by unit type (%)

Year house built

Most commonly used house heating fuel:

Length: 2.35 miles Directions: N-S, SE-NW

Length: 2.48 miles Directions: N-S, SE-NW Address range: 4100 to 7899

Length: 2.39 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 600 to 2699

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Length: 2.44 miles Directions: E-W, SW-NE Address range: 551 to 2699

Length: 2.41 miles Directions: E-W, SE-NW Address range: 553 to 2711

Length: 2.41 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 600 to 2703

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Length: 2.37 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 3950 to 7899

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Length: 2.36 miles Directions: E-W, N-S, SW-NE Address range: 550 to 2699

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Length: 2.22 miles Directions: N-S, SE-NW, SW-NE Address range: 4000 to 7899

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Length: 2.18 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 700 to 2703

Length: 2.18 miles Directions: E-W, N-S Address range: 3950 to 7899

Length: 2.17 miles Directions: E-W, SW-NE Address range: 500 to 2499

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Length: 2.11 miles Directions: E-W, SE-NW, SW-NE Address range: 517 to 6918

Length: 2.09 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 4000 to 7799

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Length: 1.87 miles Directions: E-W, SE-NW Address range: 550 to 2699

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Length: 1.76 miles Directions: N-S, SE-NW Address range: 4300 to 7899

Length: 1.71 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 550 to 2703

Length: 1.67 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 600 to 2499

Length: 1.64 miles Directions: E-W, SW-NE Address range: 600 to 2703

Length: 1.61 miles Directions: E-W, SE-NW Address range: 600 to 2703

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Length: 1.48 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 1100 to 2599

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Length: 1.34 miles Directions: E-W, SE-NW, SW-NE Address range: 700 to 2699

Length: 1.33 miles Directions: E-W, N-S Address range: 592 to 2699

Length: 1.29 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 4600 to 7899

Length: 1.21 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 700 to 2499

Length: 1.14 miles Directions: N-S, SE-NW Address range: 4800 to 7899

Length: 1.13 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 1200 to 2199

Length: 1.07 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 600 to 2199

Length: 1.06 miles Directions: E-W, N-S Address range: 712 to 7899

Length: 0.98 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 901 to 1799

Length: 0.98 miles Directions: E-W, N-S, SE-NW Address range: 3950 to 6799

Length: 0.95 miles Directions: N-S, SE-NW Address range: 3950 to 7599

Length: 0.92 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 900 to 1699

Length: 0.88 miles Directions: E-W, SW-NE Address range: 1400 to 2250

Length: 0.84 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 700 to 2499

Length: 0.79 miles Directions: N-S, SW-NE Address range: 6000 to 7699

Length: 0.76 miles Directions: N-S, SE-NW Address range: 5200 to 7899

Length: 0.74 miles Directions: N-S, SE-NW Address range: 3850 to 7599

Length: 0.74 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 4400 to 7899

Length: 0.73 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 1000 to 2699

Length: 0.70 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 1700 to 2399

Length: 0.68 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 3950 to 7599

Length: 0.66 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 1200 to 1899

Length: 0.61 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 5500 to 7770

Length: 0.58 miles Directions: N-S, SW-NE Address range: 5200 to 6899

Length: 0.56 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 4000 to 6699

Length: 0.54 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 6900 to 7099

Length: 0.45 miles Directions: N-S, SW-NE Address range: 5900 to 7899

Length: 0.40 miles Directions: E-W, N-S, SE-NW, SW-NE Address range: 4600 to 7299

Length: 0.37 miles Direction: E-W Address range: 1200 to 2355

Length: 0.36 miles Direction: N-S Address range: 7100 to 7750

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Liberty City neighborhood in Miami, Florida (FL), 33127 ...

Liberty County, Florida – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Liberty County is a county located in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,365,[1] making it the least populous county in Florida. Its county seat and only city is Bristol.[2]

The Apalachicola National Forest occupies half the county.

Liberty County was created in 1855.[3] It is named for the popular American ideal of liberty.[4]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 843 square miles (2,180km2), of which 836 square miles (2,170km2) is land and 7.6 square miles (20km2) (0.9%) is water.[5] The county is bordered on the west by the Apalachicola River.

As of the census[11] of 2000, there were 7,021 people, 2,222 households, and 1,553 families residing in the county. The population density was 8 people per square mile (3/km). There were 3,156 housing units at an average density of 4 per squaremile (1/km). The racial makeup of the county was 76.41% White, 18.43% Black or African American, 1.81% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 2.08% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. 4.50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,222 households out of which 34.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.80% were married couples living together, 13.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.10% were non-families. 25.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the county the population was spread out with 21.80% under the age of 18, 9.40% from 18 to 24, 37.70% from 25 to 44, 21.00% from 45 to 64, and 10.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 144.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 159.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,840, and the median income for a family was $34,244. Males had a median income of $22,078 versus $22,661 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,225. About 16.80% of families and 19.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.30% of those under age 18 and 24.30% of those age 65 or over.

Liberty County is run by a board of five county commissioners, each elected at-large. The following is a list of the commissioners with the number representative of his/her district:[12]

The remaining elected officials are the constitutional officers and the school board members.

Liberty County is one of only three dry counties left in Florida (along with Washington and Lafayette counties).

Liberty County is part of the Northwest Regional Library System (NWRLS), which serves Gulf and Bay Counties as well.

Coordinates: 3014N 8453W / 30.23N 84.89W / 30.23; -84.89

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Liberty County, Florida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Libertarian conservatism – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Libertarian conservatism is a conservative political philosophy and ideology that combines right-libertarian politics and conservative values. Libertarian conservatives' first value is negative liberty to achieve socially and culturally conservative ends. They reject liberal social engineering.[1]Frank Meyer, a co-founder of National Review has called this combination fusionism.[2][3] In political science, the term is used to refer to ideologies that combine the advocacy of economic principles, such as fiscal discipline, respect for contracts, defense of private property and free markets[4] and the classical conservative stress on self-help and freedom of choice under a laissez-faire capitalist society with social tenets such as the importance of religion, and the value of traditional morality[5] through a framework of limited, constitutional, representative government.[6]

Freedom and Virtue: The Conservative/Libertarian Debate, edited by George W. Carey, contains essays which describe "the tension between liberty and morality" as "the main fault line dividing the two philosophies."[7]

Nelson Hultberg wrote that there is "philosophical common ground" between libertarians and conservatives. "The true conservative movement was, from the start, a blend of political libertarianism, cultural conservatism, and non-interventionism abroad bequeathed to us via the Founding Fathers." He said that such libertarian conservatism was "hijacked" by neoconservatism, "by the very enemies it was formed to fight Fabians, New Dealers, welfarists, progressives, globalists, interventionists, militarists, nation builders, and all the rest of the collectivist ilk that was assiduously working to destroy the Founders' Republic of States."[8]

Thomas DiLorenzo wrote that libertarian/conservative constitutionalists believe that the way to limit government is to enforce the United States Constitution. However, DiLorenzo criticized them, writing, "The fatal flaw in the thinking of the libertarian/conservative constitutionalists stems from their unawareness or willful ignorance of how the founders themselves believed the Constitution could be enforced: by the citizens of the free, independent, and sovereign states, not the federal judiciary." He wrote that the powers accrued to the federal government during the American Civil War overthrew the Constitution of 1787.[9]

In the 1990s Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr., Murray Rothbard and others described their views as paleolibertarianism. They continued libertarian opposition to "all forms of government intervention economic, cultural, social, international" but also upholding cultural conservatism in social thought and behavior. They opposed a licentious libertarianism which advocated "freedom from bourgeois morality, and social authority."[10] Rockwell later stated that they dropped that self-description because people confused it with paleoconservatism which they rejected.[11][12]

Laurence M. Vance wrote: "Some libertarians consider libertarianism to be a lifestyle rather than a political philosophy... They apparently dont know the difference between libertarianism and libertinism.[13] However, Edward Feser emphasized that libertarianism does not require individuals to reject traditional conservative values.[2]

Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman and Albert Jay Nock have been described as libertarian conservatives.[1] Former United States Congressman Ron Paul,[14] and his son, United States Senator Rand Paul, have been described as combining libertarian and conservative "small government" ideas and showing how the Constitution defends the individual and most libertarian views.

In 1975, Ronald Reagan stated, "I believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism." Some libertarians criticized Reagan for un-libertarian policy positions.[15]

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Libertarian conservatism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Libertarian Party of Minnesota

The Libertarian Party is the third largest political party in the United States. Millions of Americans have voted for Libertarian Party candidates in past elections throughout the country, despite the fact that many state governments place roadblocks in our path to keep our candidates off the ballot and deprive voters of a real choice.

Libertarians believe the answer to Americas political problems is the same commitment to freedom that earned America its greatness: a free-market economy and the abundance and prosperity it brings; a dedication to civil liberties and personal freedom; and a foreign policy of non-intervention, peace, and free trade as prescribed by Americas founders.

What began with a small group of activists in Colorado has become Americas third largest political party. We arethe only political organization which respects you as a unique and competent individual.

Libertarians believe in the American heritage of liberty, enterprise, and personal responsibility. Libertarians recognize the responsibility we all share to preserve this precious heritage for our children and grandchildren.

Libertarians believe that being free and independent is a great way to live. We want a system which encourages all people to choose what they want from life; that lets them live, love, work, play, and dream their own way.

The Libertarian way is a caring, people-centered approach to politics. We believe each individual is unique. We want a system which respects the individual and encourages us to discover the best within ourselves and develop our full potential.

The Libertarian way is a logically consistent approach to politics based on the moral principle of self-ownership. Each individual has the right to control his or her own body, action, speech, and property. Governments only role is to help individuals defend themselves from force and fraud.

The Libertarian Party is for all who dont want to push other people around and dont want to be pushed around themselves. Live and let live is the Libertarian way.

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Libertarian Party of Minnesota

Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home – NASA Mars rover

Mars Rover Opportunity Busy Through Depth of Winter NASA's Opportunity rover, which landed on Mars 12 years ago this week, remained active through the shortest-sunshine days of the current Martian winter. Read News >> View Related Image >> Opportunity Mars Rover Preparing for Active Winter NASA's Opportunity Mars rover will soon drive to the southern side of a valley where a sunward tilt will help the solar-powered rover keep active through the Martian winter. Read News >> View Related Image >> Opportunity Rover's 7th Mars Winter to Include New Study Area NASA's Opportunity rover has resumed driving after Mars emerged from behind the sun. Plans call for the rover to examine sites in Marathon Valley during the upcoming winter. Read News >> Watch Related Video >> Mars Missions to Pause Commanding in June, Due to Sun Next month, Mars will swing almost directly behind the sun from Earth's perspective, and this celestial geometry will lead to diminished communications with spacecraft at Mars. >> Martian Reminder of a Pioneering Flight Names related to the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic have been informally assigned to a crater NASA's Opportunity Mars rover is studying. This false-color view of the "Spirit of St. Louis Crater" and the "Lindbergh Mound" inside it comes from Opportunity's panoramic camera. >> Rock Spire in 'Spirit of St. Louis Crater' on Mars An elongated crater called "Spirit of St. Louis," with a rock spire in it, dominates a recent scene from the panoramic camera (Pancam) on NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. >> Mars Test Rover Joins Runners at Finish Line Runners at JPL cheer as a test model of NASA's Mars rover Opportunity does a ceremonial "crossing the finish line" after a relay marathon to celebrate the real rover surpassing the distance of a marathon race on Mars. >> Rover Amnesia Event Follows Latest Memory Reformatting The team operating NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity learned Thursday that the long-lived rover experienced a brief amnesia event related to its flash memory, the first since a reformatting of that nonvolatile type of memory a week earlier. >> NASA's Opportunity Mars Rover Passes Marathon Distance NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity completed its first Mars marathon Tuesday -- 26.219 miles (42.195 kilometers) with a finish time of roughly 11 years and two months. >> NASA Reformats Memory of Longest-Running Mars Rover After avoiding use of the rover's flash memory for three months, the team operating NASA's 11-year-old Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has reformatted the vehicle's flash memory banks and resumed storing some data overnight for transmitting later. >> Rover Examining Odd Mars Rocks at Valley Overlook NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity is investigating unusual rocks before reformatting the rover's memory and continued driving toward "Marathon Valley." >> Opportunity Rover Nears Mars Marathon Feat In February 2015, NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity is approaching a cumulative driving distance on Mars equal to the length of a marathon race. This map shows the rover's position relative to where it could surpass that distance. >> Hilltop Panorama Marks Mars Rover's 11th Anniversary A panorama from one of the highest elevations that NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has reached in its 11 years on Mars includes the U.S. flag at the summit. >> NASA Mars Rover Opportunity Climbs to High Point on Rim NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, continuing to drive while engineers tackle a flash-memory issue, has reached a crater-rim high point on "Cape Tribulation." >> All Press Releases >> All Spotlights >>

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Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home - NASA Mars rover

Loxahatchee Apartments for Rent | Loxahatchee, FL

Eager to get a fresh start in a new locale? Well rest easy because finding Loxahatchee apartments for rent has never been simpler and Loxahatchee apartment living has never been this fun! Hi, Im Trey, your Official Loxahatchee apartment living guide. Ive assisted hundreds of residents find Loxahatchee apartments for rent and Im looking forward to helping you too! As your Loxahatchee apartment resource I want to make your apartment shopping experience stress-free by showcasing the most apartments in Loxahatchee, FL and providing you with accurate information on each one, updated every single day. So I invite you to explore Loxahatchee apartments!

Of course, Apartment Home Living is about so much more than just helping you find the right space to match your needs - its also about helping you love your apartment life! Lets face it, apartment living is AWESOME! Why get locked into a mortgage for the next three decades, deal with ever-rising property taxes, or risk being married to neighbors whose hobbies include nude sunbathing, loud polka music and questionable lawn art? Apartment life is all about freedom and fun, and living in Loxahatchee apartments only adds to the appeal. Attractions, excellent night-life, shopping and dining options can be found in almost every corner of this cultural mecca, all located within a few miles from the doorstep of your Loxahatchee apartment.

Looking for high class amenities to go with the newfound freedom your Loxahatchee apartment grants? No worries, as most Loxahatchee rentals offer spacious floor plans, onsite laundry facilities, beautiful and well-maintained swimming pools, and even state-of-the-art fitness areas. Of course, you can always grab a few of your new favorite neighbors and spend a day exploring the areas natural beauty, because lets face it - somehow its that much more relaxing to lie in the local parks grassy field knowing youll never need a lawn mower again!

Remember, just because you arent anchored down with a never-ending mortgage and homeowner upkeep headaches doesnt mean your new apartment isnt still YOUR place! Get creative with this fresh blank canvas, and take advantage of the artistic freedom your new Loxahatchee apartment offers by choosing furnishings and dcor that truly represents your personality. Heck, this might even be the time to finally shoot for that jungle themed bedroom layout youve always secretly envisioned (although you might want to skip the spider monkeys).

In this day and age, everyone knows saving money matters more than ever. With a large number of apartments in Loxahatchee to choose from, youll be firmly in the economic driving seat when it comes to having a wide variety of lease options, floor plans and convenient services at your fingertips. With all of the money youll be saving, odds are good youll be able to splurge on tickets to the big game, take that special someone out for a fine dining experience theyll never forget, or just sleep that much easier at night knowing youve got the financial security that Apartment Home Living allows.

So what are you waiting for? With so many awesome Loxahatchee apartments waiting to be discovered, the possibilities are practically endless...which still hasnt stopped us from compiling some of the best of the best just below! So dive into the multitude of Loxahatchee apartments for rent and discover just how amazing Apartment Home Living can truly be.

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Loxahatchee Apartments for Rent | Loxahatchee, FL

John Locke: Money and Private Property | Libertarianism.org

November 20, 2015 columns

Smith explains the significance, for Locke, of the increased productivity caused by labor, and the relationship between money and property.

In previous essays I discussed John Lockes claim that labor is the moral foundation of property rights. It must be understood that his labor theory of property differs from a labor theory of value in an economic sense. Although Locke posited labor as the moral foundation of property, he did not believe that the quantity of labor needed to produce a commodity ultimately determines its market price; on the contrary, the price of labor is determined by the relative scarcity of laborits supply relative to demand in a given market. As Karen Vaughn noted in John Locke: Economist and Social Scientist (Athlone Press, 1980): Obviously since Locke describes the value of labor as being determined by the market price, rather than showing price as being somehow determined by the quantity of labor which goes into a product, he was far from describing a labor theory of value in either a classical or a Marxian sense. (Vaughns book is a superb account of Lockes theory of economics. It corrects a number of common misconceptions about Locke, such as the erroneous claim that he was an orthodox mercantilist. Vaughn also argued that Lockes theory of capital is more closely related to the later Austrian school than to either the classical or neoclassical economists.)

When Locke argued that labor puts the difference of value on every thing, that it increases the intrinsic value of natural resources, he meant that labor vastly increases their usefulness to the Life of Man. Here Locke implicitly invoked a standard distinction in early economic thought, which goes back at least to Aristotle, between value in use and value in exchange. (See my discussion of that dichotomy, which generated the classical water-diamond paradox, here.) According to this misleading distinction, it is value in exchange, not value in use, that ultimately regulates market prices.

Land that has been cultivated by human labor will yield far more produce that is useful to human beings than will uncultivated land. (Locke gave a lowball estimate of ten times more productivity with cultivated land, but he speculated that the increase will actually be a hundred or even a thousand times greater.) This observation was an important part of Lockes explanation of why his proviso, according to which the private appropriation of land is justifiable only when there is enough, and as good left in common with others, is not in fact a serious problem for his labor theory of private property, most notably in land. For one thing, the amount of land that any individual can cultivate is quite limited.

The measure of Property, Nature has well set, by the Extent of Mens Labour, and the Conveniency of Life: No Mans Labour could subdue, or appropriate all: nor could his Enjoyment consume more than a small part; so that is was impossible for any Man, this way, to intrench upon the right of another, or to acquire to himself a Property, to the Prejudice of his Neighbour, who would still have room, for as good, and as large a Possession ( after the other had taken out his) as before it was appropriated. This measure did confine every Mans Possession, to a very moderate Proportion.

Locke believed that the worlds population in his day could easily double and still leave plenty of unowned (common) land for others to use or to appropriate as private property. But to focus entirely on the availability of unowned land is to overlook the enormous increase of productivity brought about by labor. The private cultivator of land, far from decreasing the amount of goods available to others, in fact increases those goods many times over. Land itself is of very little value, without labour. And he who applies his labor to land does not lessen but increase[s] the common stock of mankind. Locke maintained that land, like every other economic good, is valued only because of its usefulness, or utility, to man. Land is useful insofar as it enables us to sustain ourselves and to achieve our well-being. Thus the private owner and cultivator of land, by vastly increasing the amount of useful commodities that uncultivated land would otherwise yield, greatly improves the condition of mankind generally. Private property in land and other natural resources benefits everyone.

Next in line is Lockes discussion of money (precious metals) and how it counteracted his spoilage limitation (which I discussed in my last essay). The spoilage limitation does not limit the amount of property one may justly acquire; it merely prohibits claims of ownership to perishable goods that will spoil while in ones possession: the exceeding of the bounds of his just Property not lying in the largeness of his Possession, but in the perishing of any thing uselessly in it. One may therefore expand ones stock of private property by exchanging perishable goods that one cannot use for useful goods, for barter is a type of use. Or one may exchange perishable goods for durable goods that will not spoil, such as precious metals. Here is how Locke explained the matter.

Now of those good things which Nature hath provided in common, every one had a Rightto as much as he could use, and had a Property in all that he could affect with his Labour: all that his Industry could extend to, to alter from the State of Nature had put it in, was his. He that gathered a Hundred Bushels of Acorns or Apples, had thereby a Property in them; they were his Goods as soon as he gathered. He was only to look that he used them before they spoiled; else he took more than his share, and robbd others. And indeed it was a foolish thing, as well as dishonest, to hoard up more than he could make use of. And if he also bartered away Plums that would have rotted in a Week, for Nuts that would last good for his eating a whole Year, he did no injury; he wasted not the common Stock; destroyed no part of the portion of Goods that belonged to others, so long as nothing perished uselessly in his hands. Again, if he would give his Nuts for a piece of Metal, pleased with its colour; or exchange his Sheep for Shells, or Wool for a sparkling Pebble or a Diamond, and keep those by him all his Life, he invaded not the Right of others, he might heap up as much of these durable things as he pleased.

According to Locke, as precious metals were widely accepted as money, it became possible to accumulate potentially unlimited amounts of property without violating the spoilage limitation. This development was especially important to the ownership of land. Before the advent of money people were little inclined to expand their landed property, for there were only so many natural resources they could use for the benefit of themselves and their families. But things changed dramatically when excess land and its products could be sold for moneya durable form of wealth that does not violate the spoilage limitation. Money brought with it extensive commerce, and this commerce in turn, by increasing both the diversity and demand for commodities, greatly enhanced the wealth of nations.

In my last essay I suggested that Locke posited his two qualifications to property rights primarily for the purpose of demonstrating their inapplicability to his own labor theory of property. I shall now recapitulate his reasoning.

First, the proviso that property claims should leave enough for others to use is not a serious problem, because the amount of property that any individual can use and may claim by mixing his labor with it is very limited. Moreover, the private cultivator of land actually increases the amount of goods that others may use for their benefit.

Second, the spoilage limitation applies only to perishable goods. It does not apply to durable goods, such as precious metals, and it does not limit the amount of property one may own. Therefore, when the emergence of money made it possible to sell excess landi.e., land not needed to satisfy ones own wants, land on which crops might otherwise rotit also legitimated the ownership of land (and other resources) beyond that needed for personal use. Thus arose the accumulation of capital and Lockes opposition to a legal limits on interest ratesimportant elements in Lockes economic thinking that I cannot discuss here but which are explained in Karen Vaughns book, cited above.

One final note: It is clear that Locke believed that an economic system based on property rights did exist, and therefore could exist, in a state of nature, long before the emergence of governments, whose only justification was to render those rights more secure. And this entails a high degree of social order in Lockes anarchistic state of nature that was impossible in the state of nature described by Thomas Hobbesa perpetual war of every man against every man in which property rights and other civilizing institutions could not emerge. Lockes relatively optimistic view of the state of nature would later generate its own brand of anarchism. Given that society without government was not regarded as synonymous with social chaos in the Lockean tradition, and that government was deemed necessary only to remedy certain inconveniences in the state of nature in regard to the security of property rights already established, it became plausible to speculate on how those inconveniences might be dealt with satisfactorily in a competitive market system without a monopolistic government. What was unthinkable for Hobbes and other absolutists became thinkable in the treatment of John Locke.

George H. Smith was formerly Senior Research Fellow for the Institute for Humane Studies, a lecturer on American History for Cato Summer Seminars, and Executive Editor of Knowledge Products. Smith's fourth book, The System of Liberty, was recently published by Cambridge University Press.

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John Locke: Money and Private Property | Libertarianism.org

Lake City, Minnesota – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Historical population Census Pop. % 1880 2,596 1890 2,128 18.0% 1900 2,744 28.9% 1910 3,142 14.5% 1920 2,846 9.4% 1930 3,210 12.8% 1940 3,204 0.2% 1950 3,457 7.9% 1960 3,494 1.1% 1970 3,594 2.9% 1980 4,505 25.3% 1990 4,391 2.5% 2000 4,950 12.7% 2010 5,063 2.3% Est. 2014 4,957 [7] 2.1% U.S. Decennial Census 2010 censusEdit

As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 5,063 people, 2,238 households, and 1,428 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,125.1 inhabitants per square mile (434.4/km2). There were 2,687 housing units at an average density of 597.1 per square mile (230.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.3% White, 0.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.

There were 2,238 households of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.2% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.72.

The median age in the city was 46.2 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 23.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 4,950 people, 2,131 households, and 1,402 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,166.9 people per square mile (450.8/km). There were 2,347 housing units at an average density of 553.3 per square mile (213.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 96.81% White, 0.63% African American, 0.40% Native American, 1.11% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.22% of the population.

There were 2,131 households out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the city the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,637, and the median income for a family was $47,146. Males had a median income of $35,321 versus $24,799 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,944. About 3.2% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.

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Lake City, Minnesota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nanotechnology News — ScienceDaily

New Therapeutic Pathway May Keep Cancer Cells Turned 'Off' Feb. 23, 2016 A new study offers tangible evidence that it is possible to keep osteosarcoma lesions dormant using novel nanomedicines. Osteosarcoma is a cancer that develops in the bones of children and ... read more Nano Dangerously Big Feb. 23, 2016 Keywords such as nano-, personalized-, or targeted medicine sound like bright future. What most people do not know, is that nanomedicines can cause severe undesired effects for actually being too ... read more Hot Find: Tightly Spaced Objects Could Exchange Millions of Times More Heat Feb. 18, 2016 Scientists have come up with a formula that describes the maximum heat transfer in such tight ... read more Feb. 18, 2016 New research points to an entirely new approach for designing insulin-based pharmaceuticals. The approach could open the door for more personalized medications with fewer side effects for Type 1 ... read more Feb. 17, 2016 New research has identified key factors in the structure of Calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), the main product of the hydration of Portland cement, that could help researchers work out better ... read more Researchers Devise More Efficient Materials for Solar Fuel Cells Feb. 16, 2016 Chemists have developed new high-performing materials for cells that harness sunlight to split carbon dioxide and water into usable fuels like methanol and hydrogen gas. These 'green fuels' ... read more Feb. 16, 2016 Graphene is a single-atomic carbon sheet with a hexagonal honeycomb network. Electrons in graphene take a special electronic state called Dirac-cone where they behave as if they have no mass. This ... read more Feb. 16, 2016 A new photoelectrode boosts the ability of solar water-splitting to produce ... read more Feb. 15, 2016 Scientists have made a major step forward in the development of digital data storage that is capable of surviving for billions of years. Using nanostructured glass, scientists have developed the ... read more Small Clumps in the Body: How Nanoparticles React to Proteins Feb. 15, 2016 Scientists have found out that the protein haemoglobin influences the aggregation of individual gold nanoparticles to form ... read more New Nanotechnology Detects Biomarkers of Cancer Feb. 12, 2016 Researchers have developed a new technology to detect disease biomarkers in the form of nucleic acids, the building blocks of all living ... read more Feb. 12, 2016 Scientists have successfully combined two different ultrathin semiconductors -- each just one layer of atoms thick and roughly 100,000 times thinner than a human hair -- to make a new two-dimensional ... read more Feb. 11, 2016 Scientists have found a simple new way to produce nanoscale wires that can serve as bright, stable and tunable lasers -- an advance toward using light to transmit ... read more Feb. 11, 2016 Physicists have developed a nanolaser, a thousand times thinner than a human hair. Thanks to an ingenious process, the nanowire lasers grow right on a silicon chip, making it possible to produce ... read more Room-Temperature Lithium Metal Battery Closer to Reality Feb. 10, 2016 Rechargeable lithium metal batteries offer energy storage capabilities far superior to todays workhorse lithium-ion technology that powers our smartphones and laptops. But these batteries are not ... read more Feb. 10, 2016 In one of the first efforts to date to apply nanotechnology to targeted cancer therapeutics, researchers have created a nanoparticle formulation of a cancer drug that is both effective and nontoxic ... read more Feb. 10, 2016 From dot-matrix to 3-D, printing technology has come a long way in 40 years. But all of these technologies have created hues by using dye inks, which can be taxing on the environment. Now a team ... read more Electric-Car Battery Materials Could Harm Key Soil Bacteria Feb. 10, 2016 The growing popularity of battery-powered cars could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but they are not entirely Earth friendly. Problems can creep in when these batteries are disposed of. ... read more Chemical Cages: New Technique Advances Synthetic Biology Feb. 10, 2016 A clever means of localizing and confining enzymes and the substrate molecules they bind with has been presented by researchers, speeding up reactions essential for life ... read more Quantum Potential: Where Light and Matter Co-Exist Feb. 9, 2016 Plasmons, quasiparticles arising from the collective motion of electrons on the surface of a metal, can strongly modify the behavior of nearby light, and could be instrumental in building some of the ... read more

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Nanotechnology News -- ScienceDaily

Astronomy News — ScienceDaily

Feb. 18, 2016 Incredibly dense and powerful objects beyond our Milky Way Galaxy may prevent the escape of high-energy gamma rays that accompany the production of the cosmic neutrinos detected on Earth by the ... read more Feb. 17, 2016 Astronomers have discovered a new source that confirmed the fact that binary systems with strong colliding stellar winds comprise a separate new population of high-energy gamma-ray ... read more Feb. 17, 2016 For two decades it was thought that most near-Earth objects (NEOs) -- asteroids and comets that may pose a hazard to life on Earth -- end their existence in a dramatic final plunge into the Sun. A ... read more Dynamical Systems Theory Enhances Knowledge of Jupiter's Atmosphere Feb. 17, 2016 Scientists use video footage to analyze Jupiter's transport barriers and examine prior conclusions about Jupiter's ... read more Feb. 16, 2016 The first successful detection of gases in the atmosphere of a super-Earth reveals the presence of hydrogen and helium, but no water vapor. The exotic exoplanet, 55 Cancri e, is over eight times the ... read more Feb. 13, 2016 Using ALMA, astronomers have taken a new, detailed look at the very early stages of planet formation around a binary star. Embedded in the outer reaches of a double star's protoplanetary disk, ... read more Feb. 12, 2016 University of Washington astronomers have identified a rare type of supernova 'impostor' in a nearby galaxy, with implications for how scientists look at the short, complex lives of massive ... read more Feb. 11, 2016 A first-ever computer simulation shows that, contrary to previous understandings, objects approaching a rotating black hole would not be crushed by the increasing gravity -- supporting some popular ... read more Feb. 11, 2016 The placid appearance of NGC 4889 can fool the unsuspecting observer. But the elliptical galaxy, seen in a new image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, harbors a dark secret. At its heart ... read more Feb. 10, 2016 A newly formed star lights up the surrounding clouds in this new image from ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. Dust particles in the vast clouds that surround the star HD 97300 diffuse its ... read more Feb. 9, 2016 Hundreds of hidden nearby galaxies have been studied for the first time, shedding light on a mysterious gravitational anomaly dubbed the Great Attractor. Despite being just 250 million light years ... read more Feb. 8, 2016 Messages from around the world are to be beamed into space at the speed of light as part of a cultural project to create a celestial time ... read more Feb. 5, 2016 Stars do not accumulate their final mass steadily, but in a series of violent events manifesting themselves as sharp stellar brightening. Stellar brightening can be caused by fragmentation due to ... read more Feb. 4, 2016 Astrophysicists are using new methods to simulate the common-envelope phase of binary stars, discovering dynamic irregularities that may help to explain how supernovae ... read more Feb. 4, 2016 Astronomers have revealed the detailed structure of a massive ionized gas outflow streaming from the starburst galaxy NGC 6240. The light-collecting power and high spatial resolution of Subaru ... read more New Study Challenges Jupiter's Role as Planetary Shield, Protecting Earth from Comet Impacts Feb. 3, 2016 Not only is the 'Jupiter as shield' concept, implying that the planet shields Earth from comet impacts, not true, but perhaps Jupiter's most important role in fostering the development ... read more Feb. 3, 2016 Studies by two independent groups from the US and the Netherlands have found that gamma ray signals from the inner galaxy come from a new source rather than from the collision of dark matter ... read more Bright Sparks Shed New Light on the Dark Matter Riddle Feb. 1, 2016 The origin of matter in the universe has puzzled physicists for generations. Today, we know that matter only accounts for 5 percent of our universe; another 25 percent is constituted of dark matter. ... read more Jan. 30, 2016 Scientists have turned to a combination of real time observations and computer simulations to best analyze how material courses through the ... read more Jan. 29, 2016 Promising new calibration tools, called laser frequency combs, could allow astronomers to take a major step in discovering and characterizing earthlike planets around other stars. These devices ... read more

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Astronomy News -- ScienceDaily

Aerospace Companies in Colorado | Key Industry | OEDIT

Colorado's aerospace industry ranks2nd in the nation for private sector aerospace employment. With four military commands - Air Force Space Command, Army Space Command, NORAD and USNORTHCOMM - and three space-related Air Force bases, Colorado is a strategic location for the space industry. Along with major Department of Defense facilities and NASA research activities, the states universities are among with worlds best for aerospace engineering. Colorado is also actively cultivating innovation and commercial space opportunities, developing Spaceport Colorado and pursuing federal designation as a test site for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs).

Many of the nations major aerospace contractors base important operations in Colorado, including Ball Aerospace, Boeing, ITT Exelis, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, Sierra Nevada Corporation and United Launch Alliance. These companies are leading some of the nations most significant space projects. Sierra Nevada Corporation is changing the commercial space landscape with its Dream Chaser space transportation system, and Lockheed Martin is developing the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle to carry astronauts on deep space missions. Additionally, Ball Aerospace serves as an important anchor, headquartered in the region and serving civil, commercial and military markets. In 2010, NASA awarded contracts totaling more than $1.5 billion to Colorado aerospace companies, earning the state a fourth-place ranking nationally.

More than 400 consulting, engineering, manufacturing and supplier companies provide space-related products and services in Colorado. These companies machine precision parts and manufacture optical and remote sensing equipment; they serve as the innovative backbone of the states aerospace cluster, supplying the primes with instrumentation and composite materials, on the one hand, and taking risks deploying innovative technologies in the marketplace on the other. Fully 69 Colorado companies have won technology development and commercialization grants since 2001 via NASAs Small Business Innovation Research or/Small Business Technology Transfer program, and a further 193 companies have won similar grants to develop technologies for the Department of Defense.

Colorado is at the center of global innovation in the aerospace and space industry, hosting the National Space Symposium annually in Colorado Springs.

View/download the Aerospace industry Profile (pdf)

Advanced Industry (AI) Accelerator Programs The AI Accelerator Programs promote growth and sustainability in advanced industries by helping drive innovation, accelerate commercialization, encourage public-private partnerships, increase access to early stage capital and create a strong ecosystem that increases the states global competitiveness.Apply or learn more

Launch! Taking Colorado's Space Economy to the Next LevelPart of Brookings's new Advanced Industries Series, this report finds that the Colorado space economy is a critical driver of economic growth and explores how Colorado can defend and extend its current position as one of the most multidimensional space economies in the nation. Directly employing over 66,000 workers across the military, civil and private domains, the full space enterprise in Colorado contributed some $8.7 billion in value-added output in 2011, in a performance that generated some 3.8 percent of Colorados private-sector gross domestic product. Learn more

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Aerospace Companies in Colorado | Key Industry | OEDIT

Chantilly, VA | The Aerospace Corporation

Addresses

The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace Chantilly Campus

14745 Lee Road Chantilly, VA 20151 Phone: 571-304-0000

Mailing Address:

14301 Sullyfield Circle, Unit C Chantilly, VA 20151-1622

The Aerospace Corporation Greens III

4851 Stonecroft Blvd Chantilly, VA 20151 Phone: 571-304-0000

Mailing Address:

14301 Sullyfield Circle, Unit C Chantilly, VA 20151-1622

For information on the Washington, D.C. Metro, visit the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority.

Directions to Aerospace Chantilly Campus from Dulles Airport

Take Route 28 south Turn right at Willard Road Turn left at Lee Road Arrive at Aerospace Chantilly Campus on left

Directions to Aerospace Chantilly Campus from Interstate 495

Take Route 66 west Exit Route 28 north (toward Dulles Airport) Turn left at Westfields Blvd. Immediate right at Stonecroft Blvd. Turn right at Lee Road Arrive at Aerospace Chantilly Campus on right

Directions to Greens III from Dulles Airport

Take Route 28 south Turn right at Willard Road Turn left at Lee Road Turn right at Conference Center Drive Arrive at Greens III on left

Directions to Greens III from Interstate 495

Take Route 66 west Exit Route 28 north (toward Dulles Airport) Turn left at Westfields Blvd. Immediate right at Stonecroft Blvd. Turn right at Lee Road Turn left at Conference Center Drive Arrive at Greens III on left

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Chantilly, VA | The Aerospace Corporation

aerospace industries in Reston, VA | Reviews – Yellowbook

Aerospace industries

1

Aerospace industries

2

2300 Dulles Station Blvd Ste 230

Aerospace industries

3

2550 Wasser Ter Ste 9100

Aerospace industries

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2550 Wasser Ter Ste 9000

Aerospace industries

5

480 Springpark Pl Ste 1000

Aerospace industries

6

340 Victory Dr

Aerospace industries

7

2214 Rock Hill Rd Ste 350

Aerospace industries

8

2235 Monroe St

Aerospace industries

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2411 Dulles Corner Park Ste 800

Aerospace industries

10

Aerospace industries

11

21700 Atlantic Blvd

Aerospace industries

12

14425 Penrose Pl

Aerospace industries

13

14301 Sullyfield Cir Ste C

Aerospace industries

14

14725 Lee Rd

Aerospace industries

15

15059 Conference Center Dr Ste 290

Aerospace industries

16

15059 Conference Center Dr Ste 500

Aerospace industries, Aerospace research & development

17

Aerospace industries

18

14150 Newbrook Dr Ste 300

Aerospace industries

19

22446 Davis Dr

Aerospace industries

20

Generated UTC Time:2016-Feb-25 04:40:22;

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aerospace industries in Reston, VA | Reviews - Yellowbook

World Space Flight

This family of pages contain a brief history of manned space flight. Here you will find summary information of every manned flight, beginning with Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 up to the latest International Space Station expedition. We also follow the latest efforts by China to put men into space. If and when non-governmental organizations put men into space, those flights will also be included. We have information on Vostok, Voskhod, Soyuz, Salyut, Zond, Almaz, Mir, Buran, Progress, Mercury, Gemini, X-15, DynaSoar, Apollo, Skylab, the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station, and Shenzhou.

How many people are currently in space, and who are they?

Learn who has flown in space, how many times, what missions, and their nationality. All astronauts/cosmonauts/yuhangyuan (taikonauts) are included. Not only American, Russian/Soviet and Chinese, but Canadian, European, and others from around the world who have flown in space. Check up on the number of spacewalks, when they occurred, who participated, and for how long. There are pages dedicated solely to astronauts representing the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

We have pages dedicated to the International Space Station, its assembly sequence, manned expeditions, and the partner nations contributing to the effort.

While not directly related to manned space activities, one set of pages is given to deep space probes.

There are other sets of pages which include a catch all (stuff which may not necessarily be of a space nature) and a blog. Addendums has histories of rocket families (German, Russian, Chinese, American), information on moon phases, solstices, a periodic table, photos of various x-planes, a fun page. The blog can have anything on any topic.

Search using the WorldSpaceFlight internal keyword search feature.

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We want you to find our pages interesting and informative. Accuracy is also important. Please, let us know of any errors you notice. Spelling errors, broken links, incorrect names or dates are all things we want to eliminate. Suggestions are always welcome.

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Last updated: 21 January 2016 21:21:03.

Two MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS and their astonishingly simple answers: 1) Where was the Canadarm built? - It was built, in of all places, CANADA! 2) What is the name of the International Space Station? - The International Space Station.

Background: Orion Nebula as seen from the Hubble Space Telescope (NASA)

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World Space Flight

Astro-Physics / Telescopes, Cameras & Astronomy Products …

OPT is thrilled to be able to offer our customers Astro-Physics mounts and accessories. Astro-Physics is legendary in the astronomical community, and has been developing and building telescopes and accessories since 1975.

Astro-Physics mounts, such as the Mach1, 1600, and 3600GTO models, are designed for solid stability under a variety of observing conditions. At the same time, these mounts are truly portable so that they can be transported and set up quickly and accurately. AP mounts break down into manageable sizes, but when set up, they are extremely rugged and steady platforms. A very accurate worm gear set was designed to insure smooth, effortless tracking of celestial objects for all visual and photographic purposes.

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NYS Medicine – New York State Education Department

A physician is a licensed health care professional who diagnoses, treats, operates, or prescribes for any human disease, pain, injury, deformity, or physical condition.

A physician assistant ("PA") is a licensed health care professional who provides medical care under the supervision of a physician. PAs provide a wide range of care within the area of practice of the supervising physician.

A specialist assistant provides medical care under the supervision of a physician in one of the four following specialty areas: orthopedics, acupuncture, radiology, or urology.

A New York licensed physician has completed a program of medical education and received the doctor of medicine (M.D.), doctor of osteopathic medicine (D.O.), or equivalent degree. While New York State requires a minimum of two years of postsecondary education prior to medical school, most applicants admitted to medical school have a minimum of a bachelor's degree. Medical programs include studies in basic and medical sciences.

New York licensed physicians have also completed a minimum of one year of postgraduate training in an approved residency program; graduates of unaccredited/unregistered medical schools must complete three years of residency training and pass a proficiency exam. In addition, licensed physicians pass a State-approved licensing examination.

Licensed New York physician assistants have graduated from a two-to-four year State-approved PA program; these programs often require two years of college-level course work prior to admission, although some programs allow entry directly from high school. In addition, PAs have passed a comprehensive licensing examination.

Read more about this profession.

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NYS Medicine - New York State Education Department

Top 10 Beaches in Florida : TravelChannel.com

Take advantage of the Sunshine States surf, sun and sand at these top 10 beaches in Florida. With remote island getaways, big-city beaches and family-friendly shores perfect for shelling and sand-castle building, Florida promises a beach for every visitor. Check out our recommendations and browse through photos of Florida's best beaches.

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Paradise is located just off the coast of mainland Florida and it's called Key West. As Jimmy Buffett crooned, Key West is the original changer of latitudes and attitudes, and 1 weekend here proves that he knew exactly what he was talking about. Fort Zachary Taylor State Park is one of Florida's most beautiful spots, with wide stretches of sugary sand and tranquil waters. Visitors can rent snorkel gear or a 2-person glass-bottom kayak from the concession area. Or stick to dry land and rent a bike to navigate the single bike path that winds beside the Key West shipping channel, around the fort, through a rocky, secluded beach and to countless picnic spots.

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South Beach is an international playground offering nonstop nightlife, sandy shores, unique architecture and plenty of eye candy. When imagining the South Beach scene, thinkBaywatchwith an architectural twist ... even the lifeguard stands are art deco masterpieces. The long, man-made beach stretches up the Atlantic for miles and is perfect for early morning runs and topless sunbathing. And while it may not be the Caribbean, the water is as clean and clear as the Atlantic gets. The beach is also about the best spot to view the city lights at night before exploring the legendary club scene.

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With so much to see and do, it's almost impossible to lie idle on Siesta Key. Whether you curl your toes in it, run your fingers through it or bask on it, the allure of the island sand is contagious. Beach lovers flock to these silky shores to take advantage of the wide expanse of sand and the tranquil Gulf waters. Siesta Key Beach is perfect for strolling, shell-collecting or more active pursuits, such as renting a catamaran or kayak from one of the many beach concessionaires. This perfect family vacation venue, which boasts beachside picnic areas and playgrounds, is also home to candlelit restaurants and cozy rental cottages ideal for a romantic getaway.

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Delray Beach at Ocean and Atlantic avenues is a charming village by the sea. Each year, nearly 1 million visitors flock to this family-friendly, 2-mile-long beach ideal for sunbathing, swimming and sand-castle building. When the sun goes down, visitors take a stroll on festive Atlantic Avenue, enjoying the boutiques, seafood restaurants, cool architecture and the Pineapple Grove Arts District. And if youre looking for a worthwhile splurge, check into the Seagate Hotel and Spa on Atlantic Avenue, just a short trolley ride to the beach and the private Seagate Beach Club.

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Clearwater Beach's well-deserved reputation as one of America's finest beaches has lured countless families and couples to its broad, sandy shores and beachfront hotels. Spread along a narrow, 3-mile stretch of the Pinellas Peninsula on the Gulf Coast, Clearwater Beach straddles the blue waters of the Gulf of Mexico to the west and tranquil Tampa Bay to the east. This location between the 2 waters and Clearwater's proximity to Tampa offer visitors ample activities, such as sunbathing on white-sand beaches, diving into a game of beach volleyball, renting fishing boats, taking a dolphin-watching cruise, parasailing or heading to a mainland museum or aquarium.

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Sanibel is a unique barrier island with an east-west orientation that differs from the typical north-south layout. This east-west designation has helped Sanibel earn its reputation as one of the Shell Islands prime spots along Floridas coastline for gathering perfectly intact shells in every shape and size. Hit the beach with a bucket, shovel and small net, and stroll the beach at low tide to peruse the oceans bounty of conch, cockles and scallop shells. Bowmans Beach is the quietest and most remote stretch of sand in Sanibel, while a historic lighthouse beckons visitors to take a stroll on the rustic boardwalk at Lighthouse Beach.

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Relaxing is easy on Atlantic Beach: Sand as soft and white as sugar, brilliant sunshine and azure waters abound. And while Atlantic Beach has heaps of small-town charm, its also just a short drive from Jacksonville, making it convenient for day-trippers and vacationers who want a short airport-to-beach commute. History buffs can learn about the development of the Atlantic Beach and neighboring Jacksonville beaches at the areas Beaches Museum and History Center. After spending the afternoon strolling the shores, head to Beaches Town Centers pedestrian-friendly cobblestone streets and check out the towns restaurants, galleries, boutiques and frequent special events, including live music and the monthly North Beaches Art Walk, held on the third Thursday of every month.

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It may have more than 47 miles of pristine beaches, but the crown jewel of Palm Beach County, FL, is, without a doubt, exclusive Palm Beach a 14-mile-long, half-mile-wide island of wealth and extravagance. Winter home to the Vanderbilts, the Kennedys, the Rockefellers and a slew of newly minted millionaires, Palm Beach features some of Florida's finest hotels, restaurants and shops, as well as some truly beautiful beaches. Perched next to the Gulf Stream, Palm Beach enjoys the benefit of warm blue water and gentle breezes. John D. MacArthur State Park has a beautiful beach perfect for families, as well as abundant marine life and rare plants to explore on a nature walk.

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Along with Sanibel, Captiva Island shares the distinction of being one of Floridas Shell Islands. Captiva is generally the spot to find the larger of the intact shells. Turner Beach, though not good for swimming because of fast currents, is the perfect spot for a shell-hunting adventure. Just be sure to leave any live shells on the beach, or you'll risk breaking the states strict shelling laws. At sunset, head to Captiva Beach at the end of Captiva Drive to take in a spectacular sunset.

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Florida Beach Guide | Orlando, Daytona, More – Orlando …

Some well-kept secrets are upstaged by the old world charm of this Mediterranean-influenced city on the Gulf Coast, conceived as one of Florida's first planned communities in the early 20th Century. The shady lanes and manicured boulevards showcase the Northern Italian design envisioned by its...

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Kaylee Sturm sat in the low surf, the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico lapping around her. The University of Tampa senior had never been to this barrier island north of Clearwater, but she and her mom were immediately impressed. "I like that it's natural," said Sturm, adding that she preferred...

Clearwater Beach is a barrier island off a peninsula, so it takes some bridge-hopping to reach it. But three miles of powdery white beach and abundant family attractions await in this reawakening old shore town. Mom 'n' pop hotels, shops, restaurants and attractions have kept that cluttered, Old...

For an escape from the hustle of normal Tampa Bay civilization, set your sights on Fort De Soto Park, an absolutely stunning retreat. It's part of St. Petersburg, but seems to be from a faraway world. Located on the Gulf of Mexico, it bears a military name but has a spiritual heart. Fort De Soto...

Treasure Island, Florida is located on Florida's beautiful Gulf Coast and is blessed with miles of gorgeous white sand beaches that boast that "Old Florida" feel yet Treasure Island is part of the Tampa Bay region, one of the nation's fastest growing metro areas. With its rich history, today Treasure...

St. Pete Beach is a barrier island in Pinellas county with award-winning, beautiful beaches on the Gulf of Mexico. With miles of pristine white sand, St. Pete Beach offers visitors a variety of views, activities and Florida sun. St. Pete Beach is nestled on Long Key. Upham Beach, located on the...

It's a warm afternoon at Gulfport's beachfront park. Several parents are perched on palm-shaded benches, chatting, while their offspring curl themselves around the playground equipment or wade out into the gentle waves. Couples recline nearby on sand-edged beach towels; eyes closed, they soak up...

Siesta Key is a narrow, 8-mile long, crescent-shaped Gulf Coast barrier island that manages to be busy and restful at the same time. It boasts sugary white beaches that sand snobs love for being 99 percent pure quartz. Accommodations run the gamut, but rooms can be tough to find in high season....

Anna Maria Island -- a slender 7-mile slip of Gulf sand balanced atop the crooked crab claw of north Longboat Key -- is a slow-motion kind of place. Sit a spell and taste the brine of the sea air as it bites softly at the back of your throat. Kick off your shoes and feel the sand sucked from under...

Longboat Key, Lido Key, and St. Armands Key are ideal beach and bayfront settings for the ultimate Florida vacation. Stretching between the gorgeous Gulf of Mexico and serene Sarasota Bay, these keys attract many visitors who come to enjoy the average year-round temperature of 73 degrees. The area...

My wife and I are hardly big-time adventurers, our lives being better summarized by into the mild than Into the Wild. But one year, while pedaling bikes around a national wildlife refuge on this Gulf Coast barrier island, we looked up and saw a bald eagle harassing an osprey. The eagle wanted the...

Fort Myers, near Florida's southwest coast, has a mix of beautiful beaches, historic attractions, museums and recreation such as golf and water sports. Its proximity to the Everglades makes it easy for visitors to find beautiful scenery, nature trails and wildlife areas. There are myriad resorts,...

The pelicans know. Even simple sea birds can sense tranquillity. That must be why these large-billed creatures like to float on gentle waters that lap softly along Vanderbilt Beach. Serenity also attracts two-legged creatures of the human variety to this special place on Florida's Gulf Coast. Gentle...

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Astronomy – ScienceDaily

Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation).

It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe.

Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences.

Astronomers of early civilizations performed methodical observations of the night sky, and astronomical artifacts have been found from much earlier periods.

However, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science.

Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, the making of calendars, and even, at one time, astrology, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be identical with astrophysics.

Since the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches.

Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring and analyzing data, mainly using basic principles of physics.

Theoretical astronomy is oriented towards the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.

The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the observational results, and observations being used to confirm theoretical results.

Amateur astronomers have contributed to many important astronomical discoveries, and astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena.

The most frequently studied star is the Sun, a typical main-sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V, and about 4.6 Gyr in age.

The Sun is not considered a variable star, but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle.

The study of stars and stellar evolution is fundamental to our understanding of the universe.

The astrophysics of stars has been determined through observation and theoretical understanding; and from computer simulations of the interior.

Star formation occurs in dense regions of dust and gas, known as giant molecular clouds.

When destabilized, cloud fragments can collapse under the influence of gravity, to form a protostar.

A sufficiently dense, and hot, core region will trigger nuclear fusion, thus creating a main-sequence star.

Almost all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created inside the cores of stars.

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Astronomy - ScienceDaily