Monthly Archives: February 2010

Jurassic Space: Ancient Galaxies Come Together after Billions of Years

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Hickson Compact Group 31
Hickson Compact Group 31 is one of 100 compact galaxy groups catalogued by Canadian astronomer Paul Hickson. Credit: NASA, ESA, S. Gallagher (University of Western Ontario), and J. English (University of Manitoba). › Larger image › Unlabeled image
Imagine finding a living dinosaur in your backyard. Astronomers have found the astronomical equivalent of prehistoric life in our intergalactic back yard: a group of small, ancient galaxies that has waited 10 billion years to come together. These "late bloomers" are on their way to building a large elliptical galaxy.

Such encounters between dwarf galaxies are normally seen billions of light-years away and therefore occurred billions of years ago. But these galaxies, members of Hickson Compact Group 31, are relatively nearby, only 166 million light-years away.

New images of these galaxies by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope offer a window into what commonly happened in the universe's formative years when large galaxies were created from smaller building blocks. The Hubble observations have added important clues to the story of this interacting foursome, allowing astronomers to determine when the encounter began and to predict a future merger.

Astronomers know the system has been around for a while because the oldest stars in a few of its ancient globular clusters are about 10 billion years old. The encounter, though, has been going on for about a few hundred million years, the blink of an eye in cosmic history. Everywhere the astronomers looked in this compact group they found batches of infant star clusters and regions brimming with star birth. Hubble reveals that the brightest clusters, hefty groups each holding at least 100,000 stars, are less than 10 million years old.

The entire system is rich in hydrogen gas, the stuff of which stars are made. Astronomers used Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys to resolve the youngest and brightest of those clusters, which allowed them to calculate the clusters' ages, trace the star-formation history, and determine that the galaxies are undergoing the final stages of galaxy assembly.

The composite image of Hickson Compact Group 31 shows the four galaxies mixing it up. The bright, distorted object at middle, left, is actually two colliding dwarf galaxies. The bluish star clusters have formed in the streamers of debris pulled from the galaxies and at the site of their head-on collision. The cigar-shaped object above the galaxy duo is another member of the group. A bridge of star clusters connects the trio. A longer rope of bright star clusters points to the fourth member of the group, at lower right. The bright object in the center is a foreground star. The image was composed from observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX).

The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute conducts Hubble science operations. The institute is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. in Washington, D.C.


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Tiger Woods’ Apology Will Be Live-Streamed on YouTube Today [YouTube]

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It may not be a CGI apology (bet his wife would've loved that!) but Tiger Woods will be making his first public apology live on YouTube today.

YouTube is live-streaming the press conference from Florida at 11am EST / 8am PST today to the Citizen Tube area of the site. Tune in if seeing a grown man grovelling is your idea of fun—I'll be brushing up on my sext messages. [YouTube Citizen Tube via YouTube Blog via Electricpig]

UPDATE: Video below:


NASA Scientist Nadine Unger Discusses Which Sectors of the Economy Impact the Climate

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NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies scientist Nadine UngerNadine Unger, a climatologist with NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City, spoke with NASA's Earth Science News Team about her recent study that analyzed how different human activities impact climate. The study appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in February.

NASA's Earth Science News Team: Your research suggests that the climate science community ought to shift its focus from looking at the impacts of individual chemicals to economic sectors. Why?

Nadine Unger: There's nothing "wrong" with dividing climate impacts up by chemical species, but it's not particularly useful for policy makers. They need to know which human activities are impacting the climate and what the effect will be if they attempt to curb emissions from a particular sector. Also, there's a great deal of complexity in our emissions that they need to be mindful of if we want to mitigate climate change efficiently.

NASA: What sort of complexity?

Nadine Unger: Some sectors of the economy produce a mixture of pollutants -- particularly aerosols -- that cause cooling rather than warming in the short term. Since warming can accelerate as we remove aerosols, we've been inadvertently geoengineering for decades with aerosol emissions.

Take the heavy industry and shipping sectors, for example. These sectors burn a great deal of coal and bunker fuel, which releases carbon dioxide, which causes greenhouse warming. But they also release sulfates, which cause cooling by blocking incoming radiation from the sun and by changing clouds to make them brighter and longer-lived. In the short term, the cooling from sulfates actually outweighs the warming from carbon dioxide, meaning the net impact of the shipping and heavy industry sectors today is to cool climate.

Compare that to cars and trucks, which emit almost no sulfates but a great deal of carbon dioxide, black carbon, and ozone -- all of which cause warming and happen to be very bad for human health. Cutting transportation emissions would be unambiguously good for the climate in the short term, while cutting heavy industry emissions would have less of an impact right now.

NASA: You keep mentioning "short-term" impacts. Could the climate impacts of some sectors of the economy change over longer time periods?

Nadine Unger: Yes. Greenhouse gases have a much longer lifespan -- or residence time -- in the atmosphere than aerosols, which typically rain out after a few days or weeks. This means that the impact of greenhouse gases can accumulate and intensify over time, while the aerosol effects become comparatively less important on longer time scales due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide.

NASA: You've mentioned industry, shipping and on-road transportation. What other sectors of the economy did you analyze?

Nadine Unger: Aviation, household fossil fuels, railroads, household biofuels (mainly wood and dung used for home cooking and heating), animal husbandry, the electric power sector, waste and landfills, agriculture, biomass burning...

NASA: What is biomass burning?

Nadine Unger: Mainly tropical forest fires, deforestation and savannah and shrub fires. We also looked at agricultural waste burning, which relates to seasonal clearing of the fields common in many countries in Africa and South America.

NASA: So, does this mean that pollution from industry and biomass burning is good for the climate?

Nadine Unger: No, not at all. Both of those sectors contribute to warming over the long term, so we'll have no choice but to reduce our emissions over time. But these sectors do mask warming from greenhouses gases in the short term. Just because an activity causes cooling in the short-term does not mean that it is ‘good’ for the climate. The emissions might disturb other aspects of the climate system including the amount of rainfall in a region and therefore the water supply to humans.

NASA: Where did you get all the information about emissions?

Nadine Unger: We used emission inventories assembled by colleagues. For instance, a colleague from the University of Illinois -- Tami Bond -- has some of the best information on some types of aerosols, such as black carbon.

NASA: But how can you estimate the impacts of emissions that haven't happened yet?

Nadine Unger: We used a computer model at GISS to look at future at climate impacts if we continued emitting pollutants at today's rate. Using this approach, we looked specifically at two snapshots in time: 2020 and 2100.

NASA: What can we do if we want to minimize climate change in the near term?

Nadine Unger: Well, our analysis suggests that on-the-road transportation and household biofuels are very attractive sectors to target. We can reduce human warming impacts most rapidly by tackling emissions from these sectors. In order to protect climate in the longer term, emissions from power and industry must be reduced.

NASA: Are there any uncertainties in your results?

Nadine Unger: There are. There's a large amount of uncertainty about how aerosols affect climate, especially through the indirect effects on clouds. Hopefully, NASA's Glory mission will help reduce the uncertainties associated with aerosols.

NASA: What direction do you see your research going next?

Nadine Unger: Our focus has been on global climate so far, but in future work we'll assess regional climate impacts, as well as other disturbances to the climate system, such as effects on the water supply and land ecosystems.

In addition, we plan to investigate many of the sectors in greater detail. In the power sector, for example, we might look specifically at power stations that operate with coal or natural gas. And in the on-road transportation sector, we might break out heavy- from light-duty vehicles.

Finally, we're planning to partner with environmental economists to determine the damage costs of emissions from all the sectors due to both climate and air quality impacts, results that we can use to develop alternative mitigation scenarios.

Related Links

Road Transportation Emerges as Key Driver of Warming in New Analysis from NASA
› http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/road-transportation.html

Attribution of Climate Forcing to Economic Sectors
› http://pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/02/0906548107.abstract

Nadine Unger Bio
› http://giss.nasa.gov/staff/nunger.html

Other Research by Nadine Unger
› http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/authors/nunger.html

Clean the Air, Heat the Planet
› http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/326/5953/672

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NASA’s Stardust Burns for Comet, Less Than a Year Away

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NASA Stardust logo STARDUST Launch Artist rendering of Stardust-NExT spacecraft.
Just three days shy of one year before its planned flyby of comet Tempel 1, NASA's Stardust spacecraft has successfully performed a maneuver to adjust the time of its encounter by eight hours and 20 minutes. The delay maximizes the probability of the spacecraft capturing high-resolution images of the desired surface features of the 2.99-kilometer-wide (1.86 mile) potato-shaped mass of ice and dust.

With the spacecraft on the opposite side of the solar system and beyond the orbit of Mars, the trajectory correction maneuver began at 5:21 p.m. EST (2:21 p.m. PST) on Feb. 17. Stardust's rockets fired for 22 minutes and 53 seconds, changing the spacecraft's speed by 24 meters per second (54 miles per hour).

Stardust's maneuver placed the spacecraft on a course to fly by the comet just before 8:42 p.m. PST (11:42 p.m. EST) on Feb. 14, 2011 – Valentine's Day. Time of closest approach to Tempel 1 is important because the comet rotates, allowing different regions of the comet to be illuminated by the sun's rays at different times. Mission scientists want to maximize the probability that areas of interest previously imaged by NASA's Deep Impact mission in 2005 will also be bathed in the sun's rays and visible to Stardust's camera when it passes by.

"We could not have asked for a better result from a burn with even a brand-new spacecraft," said Tim Larson, project manager for the Stardust-NExT at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. "This bird has already logged one comet flyby, one Earth return of the first samples ever collected from deep space, over 4,000 days of flight and approximately 5.4 billion kilometers (3.4 billion miles) since launch."

Launched on Feb. 7, 1999, Stardust became the first spacecraft in history to collect samples from a comet and return them to Earth for study. While its sample return capsule parachuted to Earth in January 2006, mission controllers were placing the still viable spacecraft on a trajectory that would allow NASA the opportunity to re-use the already-proven flight system if a target of opportunity presented itself. In January 2007, NASA re-christened the mission "Stardust-NExT" (New Exploration of Tempel), and the Stardust team began a four-and-a-half year journey to comet Tempel 1. This will be humanity's second exploration of the comet – and the first time a comet has been "re-visited."

"Stardust-NExT will provide scientists the first opportunity to see the surface changes on a comet between successive visits into the inner solar system," said Joe Veverka, principal investigator of Stardust-NExT from Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. "We have theories galore on how each close pass to the sun causes changes to a comet. Stardust-NExT should give some teeth to some of these theories, and take a bite out of others."

Along with the high-resolution images of the comet's surface, Stardust-NExT will also measure the composition, size distribution, and flux of dust emitted into the coma, and provide important new information on how Jupiter family comets evolve and how they formed 4.6 billion years ago.

Stardust-NExT is a low-cost mission that will expand the investigation of comet Tempel 1 initiated by NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages Stardust-NExT for the NASA Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. Joe Veverka of Cornell University is the mission's principal investigator. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver Colo., built the spacecraft and manages day-to-day mission operations.

For more information about Stardust-NExT, please visit:

http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov

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NASA Honors 2009 Centennial Challenges Winners

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NASA will honor the achievements of the 2009 Centennial Challenges prize winners and competition hosts with a technical symposium Feb. 25 and a recognition ceremony Feb. 26. Centennial Challenges is NASA's program of technology prizes for the citizen-inventor. Nine prizes totaling $3.65 million were awarded in 2009. Both events will be held at the James E. Webb Memorial Auditorium at NASA Headquarters, 300 E Street, SW, Washington.

The Centennial Challenges Technical Symposium will take place from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. EST Thursday, Feb. 25. Winners will discuss their accomplishments and future plans and answer questions from the audience. A one-hour panel discussion will be dedicated to each of the challenges, including the new Green Flight Challenge and ongoing Strong Tether and Power Beaming Challenges. The public is invited, and government, industry and media representatives interested in the technologies and incentive prize competitions are encouraged to attend.

The recognition ceremony will begin at 10 a.m. on Friday, Feb. 26. NASA Administrator Charles Bolden will participate, as will winners of the Regolith Excavation, Lunar Lander, Power Beaming and Astronaut Glove Challenges. Reporters will have an opportunity to talk with the winners during a reception in the NASA Headquarters West Lobby immediately following the one-hour ceremony.

The competitions address a range of technical challenges that support NASA's missions in aeronautics and space with a goal of encouraging novel solutions from non-traditional sources. The partner organizations that conducted the competitions are: California Space Education and Workforce Institute (Regolith Excavation), X Prize Foundation (Lunar Lander), Spaceward Foundation (Power Beaming and Strong Tether), Volanz Aerospace Inc. (Astronaut Glove) and Comparative Aircraft Flight Efficiency Foundation (Green Flight). NASA's Innovative Partnerships Program manages the Centennial Challenges.

NASA Television will broadcast the events. For NASA TV downlink, schedule and streaming video information, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/ntv

For additional information about the Centennial Challenges, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/challenges

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Tesla Coil Construction

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Tesla Coil UK.

I am thinking of building a Tesla coil, the plans that i have obtained were made in the U.S. and refer to magnetic wire for the inner coils.

This wire is wound around a plastic pipe. so dose this mean that the wire itself is steel, I.E. as in fence wire, that becomes

Oak Trail Is Name Of Intel Atom Z-Series Replacement (Supposedly) [Intel]

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Intel is moving from conifers to deciduous trees as inspiration for its next Atom Z-series platform, if PC Watch is correct. The Z-series is residing in netbooks and ultra-portables such as the Vaio P from Sony, but with Moorestown not compatible with Windows it makes sense Intel would need a new processor.

Enter Oak Trail, which PC Watch admits is an unconfirmed rumor—but supposedly will be more energy efficient and perhaps even based on Moorestown, yet capable of running Windows. It's certainly not a replacement for Pine Trail, which only launched in December, as they're too large and use too much energy. [PC Watch via Pocketables]


If One Leech is not Enough, Try Two

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In response to concerns that unemployment remains high despite the stimulus, President Obama said this:

"You can argue, rightly, that we haven't made as much progress as we need to make when it comes to spurring job creation." ... "That's part of the reason why I expect Congress to pass additional measures as quickly as possible."

The President's response assumes that the first stimulus worked, just not enough. That is possible, but maybe the Keynesian model that underlies the case for stimulus is just wrong.

Non-Keynesian perspectives suggest that additional spending or poorly designed tax cuts will harm the economy by distorting resource allocation.  More broadly, stabilization policy instills a belief that governments can moderate recessions, which encourages risk-taking and larger booms and busts.  A steady stream of  policy "remedies" creates uncertainty that discourages productive activity.

So maybe the treatment is worse than the disease.

Rumor: Sony is Developing a Universal Gaming Controller For Use With Xbox and Nintendo Consoles [Sony]

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Sony. Working on a PlayStation controller that can also be used with Xbox 360s. And Nintendo consoles. Has hell iced over? Did the last 30 years never happen? Has Linus Torvalds replaced Kazuo Hirai at SCEI?

I know Sony's been working through its propriety issues of late, using the ePub format for ereaders and—heaven forbid!—launching its first range of SD cards. But opening the PlayStation up so the controller can be used with rival game consoles? Well I never.

GoRumors has dug up a patent suggesting Sony's working on a controller with a touchscreen LCD panel that would display commands for other consoles or players that have been set up to work with it.

The patent spells it out:

"A game console controller includes a hand-holdable housing and a touch sensitive liquid crystal display (LCD) on the housing. The LCD is caused to present, depending on what type of game console a user has selected, a controller key layout for a first type of game console or a controller key layout for a second type of game console. A key layout includes plural keys selectable by a user to input commands to a game console."

By the looks of the diagram, the controller wouldn't just be a remote control that would let you turn on the different consoles—it would be an actual gaming peripheral, with the X/Y A/B buttons displayed on the LCD. It certainly wouldn't replace the use of an Xbox 360 or Wii controller, as I can't imagine mashing my thumbs on a touchscreen display for too long, but could be handy when you've got extra friends around and not enough pads to go around. Or as I mentioned before, turning the consoles on to access media.

I'm just in a state of shock that Sony of all companies is proposing this idea. I need to go lie down for a while. [GoRumors - Thanks Anand!]


Sugar From Trees and Grass Will Be Made Into Plastic in Next 5 Years [Science]

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Those scientist types have been very active of late, between making ethanol fuel from orange peel and now tree-derived sugar being used to make plastic. Who'll be first to make trees from fuel?

The latter project is being worked on at the Imperial College of London, and unlike plastic made from corn it's looking like these tree and grass-derived molecules actually biodegrade faster and are better for the environment.

In the next five years we should be seeing plastic made from sugar on the market—whether it's the work of this particular project or someone else, it'll still benefit everyone. You'd be right in having doubts over how much more expensive it would be to produce, but at least it'd use less energy, and hopefully over time become cheaper the more it's adopted. [Telegraph]


Five Muslim men charged with Poisoning Food Supply at Ft. Jackson in SC

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Happened just weeks after Ft. Hood

"Our diversity, not only in our Army, but in our country, is a strength. And as horrific as this tragedy was, if our diversity becomes a casualty, I think that’s worse," -- Gen. George Casey, Army Chief of Staff.

The Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) first broke this story early yesterday. It has now been reported by Fox News.

CBN News has learned exclusively that five Muslim soldiers at Fort Jackson in South Carolina were arrested just before Christmas and are in custody. The five men were part of the Arabic Translation program at the base.

The men are suspected of trying to poison the food supply at Fort Jackson.

A source with intimate knowledge of the investigation, which is ongoing, told CBN News investigators suspect the “Fort Jackson Five” may have been in contact with the group of five Washington, DC area Muslims that traveled to Pakistan to wage jihad against U.S. troops in December. That group was arrested by Pakistani authorities, also just before Christmas.

Coming as it does on the heels of November’s Fort Hood jihadist massacre, this news has major implications.

The libertarian-oriented/Ayn Randian blog BeJohnGalt.com asks:

Muslim soldiers trying to poison Troops... If it is true and the five Muslim soldiers were arrested in December, why are we just hearing about it two months later?

Shades of Ft. Hood???

Photo hat tip Debbie Schlussel and H/t to BeJohnGalt for background.

UPDATE!

Numerous blog sources are now reporting that the 5 soldiers may have been assigned to a special unit of "non-US citizens." The program was especially designed to recruit Arabic translators.

UPDATE!

According to AP and Breitbart (video), two of the soldiers, "are under investigation" by the Criminal Investigations Unit of the Army.

Muslim man who threw baby off the Bridge, worked for Holder’s AG office

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A devout Muslim man, and "aspiring lawyer" threw his baby daughter off the Driscoll bridge on the Garden State Parkway, across from Staten Island, NY last week. She is presumed dead, however, her body has not yet been found.

He had snatched the baby from the mother's home in East Orange, NJ. Afterwards he drove to pray at a Mosque in Atlantic City.

Shamsid-Din Abdur-Raheem had been involved in a custody battle with the baby's mother.

Now background on Abdur-Raheem is being revealed, including a short stint at the office of the US Attorney General in Washington D.C.

From WND:

He was also an intern in Washington, D.C., with the juveniles section of the Office of the Attorney General, according to March 2009 press release from Stockton College. He was fired after only a month for missing work and not completing assignments. He lashed out during his termination, and security personnel escorted him out of the building.

Photo of Driscoll bridge

Little-noticed Florida special election for State Rep. has libertarian Republican nominee

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Chris Christie, Bob McDonnell, and Scott Brown, provide Hunter Chamberlain inspiration

From Eric Dondero:

In Florida next Tuesday there will be a special election for a State House seat. The district is heavily Democrat; Hillsborough County (Tampa Bay).

But a Republican challenger is giving it all he's got. Hunter Chamberlain, the GOP nominee is knocking on doors, and trying to garner more attention for his underdog effort.

The main issue against his Democrat opponent Janet Cruz is light rail: Cruz is a big backer; while Chamberlain is totally opposed.

Quoted in (Tampa's) Creative Loafing:

"I think it’s a very bad idea (light rail) I don’t think it’s something that we can afford to do at the moment..."

Chamberlain has been inspired by other recent GOP winners. Continuing:

When asked what elected officials he admires, Chamberlin revealed his own ideology, saying he applauded the recent electoral successes of Scott Brown in Massachusetts, Chris Christie in New Jersey and Bob McDonnell in Virginia.

He says that those newly elected Republicans "cater to a more sort of Libertarian independence streak of the Republican Party, and I believe quite frankly that that’s something that the Republican Party needs to do a lot more of, is cater to folks who have a bit more of a Libertarian perspective like I do."

Chamberlain also favors off-shore oil drilling for Florida. On insurance reform he takes a principled capitalist stance:

"A lot of problems could be solved by the private sector rather than government funding or projects. I don't see there is anything wrong with people getting wealthy solving people's problems."

DELAWARE: Libertarian active in Senate race for Republican Michael Castle

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From Eric Dondero:

Libertarians are normally aligned with conservative Republicans on issues and activism. But libertarians can have a positive influence on moderate Republicans, as well.

In Illinois, former Libertarian Party executive committee member, and current Republican Liberty Caucus board member Jeff Wartman is heavily involved in the campaign of moderate Republican for US Senate Mark Kirk. Wartman reports that it has given him a chance to influence the campaign more in a libertarian direction.

Another well-known moderate Republican, like Kirk given a very good chance of winning a Senate seat from the Democrats, is Delaware Rep. Michael Castle.

Castle has a prominent Libertarian as a campaign volunteer: Tyler Nixon. Writes Nixon on the blog he now publishes, Delaware Libertarian:

I will be giving every effort I can to the Castle Campaign, which was the first campaign for which I volunteered as a very young person in 1984.

Castle's record of service to Delaware is simply unparalleled.

But he goes further. Nixon, who was a 2006 and 2008 Libertarian candidate for State House, co-hosted a recent Young Republicans event for Michael and Jane Castle at the Delaware-famous Dead Presidents Pub in downtown Wilmington.

Writes Nixon:

get used to calling Castle Senator, because he is bound for victory...

Note - Nixon serves as Acting Contact for the Republican Liberty Caucus in Delaware.

Obama’s economic policies lead to New Dusk for America

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Former Delaware Governor and one-time Republican Presidential candidate Pete DuPont wrote an editorial carried by Real Clear Politics yesterday; "Nightfall in America: Obama deficits portend a dark future."

Excerpt:

From the WSJ:

When the Democrats took control of Congress in 2007, the debt held by the public was 36.2% of GDP. It rose to 40.2% the next year. This year it will be about 63.6%, next year 68.6%, then 77% of GDP in 2020. And the Obama administration's budget estimates 218% in 2050.

The reason for these rising deficits is the huge increases in federal spending--the intended growth of the federal government--that Congress and the president are pushing. The deficit in 2007 was $160 billion. In the next year the Pelosi-Reid Congress took it up to $458 billion, and when President Obama came into office in 2009 it hit $1.4 trillion. The current 2010 projected deficit is $1.6 trillion, which will lead to a tripling of our national debt from 2008 to 2020.

Mr. Obama will have raised the debt burden as a percentage of GDP by more than President Reagan did in all of his eight years.

All of this means we are indeed beginning to see a new America, dusk rather than dawn...

Note - DuPont's 1988 Presidential campaign included a number of libertarian policy proposals such as privatization of Social Security, and Educational Choice. He was pegged an "economic libertarian" by many in the media.

Current GOP candidate for US Senate from Delaware Mike Castle served as DuPont's Lt. Governor for two terms.

Another Ghostly Puzzle

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Sorry, folks, for that magnet puzzle flop. Had I known it was already here, I would not have posted it. To compensate for that boo-boo, here is another puzzle. In a small rural pond grows a flower. It's head has 6 petals and it is exactly 10 cm above water level. Later in the day there blows a wind